The herbal agent plantamajoside, exerts a potential inhibitory effect on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

Plantamajoside (PMS), a major component of Plantago asiatica L , has several pharmacological properties, including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, the effects of PMS on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMS on HCC and elucidate the underlying mechanism. All assays were conducted using 5 groups, namely control, sorafenib, and PMS 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml groups. Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT assay. Cell migration was evaluated with the wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were evaluated via flow cytometry. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis and western blotting were used to further investigate the mechanism of action of PMS. Sorafenib and PMS both significantly attenuated the proliferation and migration of HCC cells, and markedly promoted cell apoptosis. PMS induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The efficacy of PMS increased in a dose-dependent manner. Further study evaluated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ), nuclear factor (NF)-κB and cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) using RT-qPCR analysis and western blotting. The results demonstrated that PMS promoted the expression of PPARγ and suppressed the expression of NF-κB and Cox-2. In conclusion, PMS was shown to affect cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, PMS promoted the expression of PPARγ and inhibited the expression of NF-κB and Cox-2, which may be the mechanism underlying its biological effects. Based on the results of the present study, PMS appears to be a promising agent for HCC therapy.

Cytotoxic Effect of Phenylethanoid Glycosides Isolated from Plantago lanceolata L.

“…Plantamajoside showed inhibitory activity on the viability of human cancer cells in the following cell lines: breast MDA-MB-231 [ 46 ], hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 [ 47 , 48 ], PLC/PRF 5, THLE-2 [ 47 ] and HepG2 [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], cervical SiHa and CaSki [ 51 ], esophageal Eca-109 and TE-1 [ 52 ], and malignant melanoma A2058 [ 53 ]. Comparisons with our results are difficult since IC 50 values were not reported in those investigations.…”

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Phenolics such as chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid are secondary metabolites in plants . Because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, they can be used as active ingredients in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. − Table presents the newest findings in the bioactivities and possible future applications of the chosen phenolic compounds extracted from plants. − Based on the information presented in Table , it is clear that current research focuses mostly on the medical application of phenolics in anticancer preparations. It is worth mentioning that phenolics have shown activities in the treatment of other civilization and neurodegenerative diseases.…”

Roles of conventional and complementary therapies in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

“…Additionally, studies have reported that phenylpropanoid (chlorogenic acid and 16-O-caffeoyl-16-hydroxylhexadecanoic acid) and quinone (thymoquinone and juglanthraquinone C) induce apoptosis in HCC cell lines[ 45 - 48 ]. Separate studies have demonstrated that 4-acetylantrocamol LT3 induces autophagy by activation of the AMPK pathway[ 49 ], while aloin and andrographolide induce apoptosis[ 50 , 51 ], and plantamajoside and sanguisorba Officinalis L. decrease proliferation in HCC cell lines[ 52 , 53 ]. Curcumin also offers antioxidant, apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, and is thus applied in the treatment of HCC[ 54 ].…”