The human milk microbiota: Origin and potential roles in health and disease

The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function

“…64 The presence of bacterial DNA in HM samples before breastfeeding initiation and the subsequent lack of typical neonate oral bacteria in HM after infants began to feed from the breast support a similar conclusion. 62 Identification of identical strains of bacteria in maternal feces, HM, and infant feces from the same mother-infant pair have led researchers to the concept of an "enteromammary pathway" through which bacteria translocate from the maternal GI tract to the mammary gland via dendritic cells. 59,68 Jost et al 59 proposed several possible functions of the HM microbes.…”

“…Human milk, as previously described, contains a variety of potential probiotic bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, and these bacteria serve as a source of continuous inoculum to the BF infant GI tract, which may partly contribute to differences in the fecal microbial composition between BF and FF infants. 62,64 Furthermore, administration of specific probiotic bacteria has been shown to improve infant health, including shortening the duration of rotavirus diarrhea, 140 preventing of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 141 reducing the incidence of eczema in high-risk children 142 and decreasing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. 143 Thus, supplementation of probiotics to infant formula has been promoted as an approach to improve infant Table 3.…”

Human milk and infant intestinal mucosal glycans guide succession of the neonatal intestinal microbiota

“…This group also cultured bifidobacteria from 8 milk samples and 21 fecal samples of the 23 mother/infant pairs, but not from any breast skin (25 The identification of bifidobacteria in human milk (27) is consistent with the longstanding observation of a much higher content of bifidobacteria in breastfed feces than in those fed artificial formula. The same Spanish laboratory followed up their observations by demonstrating the use of strains isolated from breast milk as potential probiotic bacteria including treatment of mastitis and inhibition of mother-to-infant transfer of HIV (28).…”

Impact of Early-Life Microbiota on the Development of Infants

“…gasseri, B. longum, тогда как у детей на искусственном вскармливании преобладают энтеробак-терии Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter spp., C.difficille и Bacteroides [18]. Интересно, что на первой недели жизни состав микробного пейзажа новорожденных на смешанном и грудном вскармливании практически идентичен, но уже к 4 мес.…”