The <i>XMM-Newton</i> serendipitous survey

Barcons, X.; Carrera, Francisco J.; Ceballos, M. T.; Page, M. J.; Gordo, J. Bussons; Corral, A.; Ebrero, J.; Mateos, S.; Tedds, J. A.; Watson, M. G.; Baskill, Darren; Birkinshaw, Mark; Böller, Thomas; Borisov, N. V.; Bremer, M.; Bromage, G. E.; Brunner, H.; Caccianiga, A.; Crawford, C. S.; Cropper, Mark; Ceca, R. Della; Derry, P.; Fabian, A. C.; Guillout, P.; Hashimoto, Yoshihiro; Hasinger, G.; Hassall, B. J. M.; Lamer, G.; Loaring, N. S.; Maccacaro, T.; Mason, K. O.; McMahon, R. G.; Mirioni, Laurent; Mittaz, J. P. D.; Motch, C.; Negueruela, I.; Osborne, J. P.; Panessa, F.; Pérez-Fournón, I.; Pye, J. P.; Roberts, T. P.; Rosen, S. R.; Schartel, N.; Schurch, Nicholas J.; Schwope, A. D.; Severgnini, P.; Sharp, Robert; Stewart, G. C.; Szokoly, G.; Ullán, A.; Ward, M.; Warwick, R. S.; Wheatley, P. J.; Webb, N. A.; Worrall, D. M.; Yuan, Weimin; Ziaeepour, H.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077606

Cited by 42 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We estimate the population of non-AGN sources in our sample to be of the order of ∼10% (see e.g. Barcons et al 2007).…”

Section: Bias Parameter and Connection To Dark Matter Haloesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources

Ebrero¹,

Mateos²,

Stewart³

et al. 2009

A&A

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Aims. We aim to study the large-scale structure of an extragalactic serendipitous X-ray survey with unprecedented accuracy thanks to the large statistics involved, and provide insight into the environment of AGN at the epochs when their space density declines (z ∼ 1−2). Methods. In this paper we present the two-point angular correlation function of the X-ray source population of 1063 XMM-Newton observations at high Galactic latitudes, comprising up to ∼30 000 sources over a sky area of ∼125.5 deg 2 , in three energy bands: 0.5-2 (soft), 2-10 (hard), and 4.5-10 (ultrahard) keV. This is the largest survey of serendipitous X-ray sources ever used for clustering analysis. Results. We have measured the angular clustering of our survey and find significant positive clustering signals in the soft and hard bands (∼10σ and ∼5σ, respectively), and a marginal clustering detection in the ultrahard band (<1σ). We find dependency of the clustering strength on the flux limit and no significant differences in the clustering properties between sources with high hardness ratios (and therefore likely to be obscured AGN) and those with low hardness ratios. We deprojected the angular clustering parameters via Limber's equation to compute their typical spatial lengths. From that we have inferred that AGN at redshifts of ∼1 are embedded in dark matter haloes with typical masses of log M DMH 12.60 ± 0.34 h −1 M and lifetimes of t AGN = 3.1−4.5 × 10 8 yr. Conclusions. Our results show that obscured and unobscured objects share similar clustering properties and therefore they both reside in similar environments, in agreement with the unified model of AGN. The short AGN lifetimes derived suggest that AGN activity might be a transient phase that can be experienced several times by a large fraction of galaxies throughout their lives.

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“…We estimate the population of non-AGN sources in our sample to be of the order of ∼10% (see e.g. Barcons et al 2007).…”

Section: Bias Parameter and Connection To Dark Matter Haloesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources

Ebrero¹,

Mateos²,

Stewart³

et al. 2009

A&A

Self Cite

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“…Reliable spectroscopy from SDSS-III/BOSS is available for 2512 AGN (Menzel et al 2016). To increase the size of our training sample, we also included sources from the XWAS (XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey; Esquej et al 2013), XBS (Della Ceca et al 2004), XMS (Barcons et al 2007), and COSMOS (Brusa et al 2010) surveys. We also added ∼1500 optically selected X-ray AGN with spectroscopic redshifts from the SDSS-DR13 dataset by cross-matching the 3XMM-DR5 catalogue with SDSS, UKIDSS (Hambly et al 2008;Irwin 2008), 2MASS (Skrutskie et al 2006), and WISE.…”

Section: Training Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating photometric redshifts for X-ray sources in the X-ATLAS field using machine-learning techniques

Mountrichas

Corral

Masoura

et al. 2017

A&A

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We present photometric redshifts for 1031 X-ray sources in the X-ATLAS field using the machine-learning technique TPZ. X-ATLAS covers 7.1 deg 2 observed with XMM-Newton within the Science Demonstration Phase of the H-ATLAS field, making it one of the largest contiguous areas of the sky with both XMM-Newton and Herschel coverage. All of the sources have available SDSS photometry, while 810 additionally have mid-IR and/or near-IR photometry. A spectroscopic sample of 5157 sources primarily in the XMM/XXL field, but also from several X-ray surveys and the SDSS DR13 redshift catalogue, was used to train the algorithm. Our analysis reveals that the algorithm performs best when the sources are split, based on their optical morphology, into point-like and extended sources. Optical photometry alone is not enough to estimate accurate photometric redshifts, but the results greatly improve when at least mid-IR photometry is added in the training process. In particular, our measurements show that the estimated photometric redshifts for the X-ray sources of the training sample have a normalized absolute median deviation, nmad ≈ 0.06, and a percentage of outliers, η = 10-14%, depending upon whether the sources are extended or point like. Our final catalogue contains photometric redshifts for 933 out of the 1031 X-ray sources with a median redshift of 0.9.

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“…We have assembled an heterogeneous sample of spectroscopically confirmed X-ray selected Type 1 and Type 2 AGN from a few surveys carried out during the last few years using XMM-Newton data: the COSMOS survey (Brusa et al 2010), the XMS survey (Barcons et al 2007) and the XBS survey (Della Ceca et al 2004;Caccianiga et al 2008). This first large comparison sample, composed by 882 Type 1 AGN and 487 Type 2 AGN, will be used below (see Figure 4, left panel) to discuss the position of absorbed and unabsorbed AGN in the f x / f o vs. L X plane.…”

Section: The Comparison Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the active galactic nuclei population with extreme X-ray-to-optical flux ratios (fx/fo > 50)

Ceca

Carrera

Caccianiga

et al. 2015

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The cosmic history of the growth of supermassive black holes in galactic centers parallels that of star-formation in the Universe. However, an important fraction of this growth occurs inconspicuously in obscured objects, where ultraviolet/optical/near-infrared emission is heavily obscured by dust. Since the X-ray flux is less attenuated, a high X-ray-to-optical flux ratio ( f x / f o ) is expected to be an efficient tool to find out these obscured accreting sources. We explore here via optical spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and infrared photometry the most extreme cases of this population (those with f x / f o > 50, EXO50 sources hereafter), using a well defined sample of 7 X-ray sources extracted from the 2XMM catalogue. Five EXO50 sources (∼ 70 percent of the sample) in the bright flux regime explored by our survey ( f (2−10keV) 1.5 × 10 −13 erg cm −2 s −1 ) are associated with obscured AGN (N H > 10 22 cm −2 ), spanning a redshift range between 0.75 and 1 and characterised by 2-10 keV intrinsic luminosities in the QSO regime (e.g. well in excess to 10 44 erg s −1 ). We did not find compelling evidence of Compton Thick AGN. Overall the EXO50 Type 2 QSOs do not seem to be different from standard X-ray selected Type 2 QSOs in terms of nuclear absorption; a very high AGN/host galaxy ratio seems to play a major role in explaining their extreme properties. Interestingly 3 out of 5 EXO50 Type 2 QSO objects can be classified as Extreme Dust Obscured Galaxies (EDOGs, f 24 µm / f R 2000), suggesting that a very high AGN/host ratios (along with the large amount of dust absorption) could be the natural explanation also for a part of the EDOG population. The remaining 2 EXO50 sources are classified as BL Lac objects, having rather extreme properties, and which are good candidates for TeV emission.

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The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey

Cited by 42 publications

References 43 publications

High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources

High-precision multi-band measurements of the angular clustering of X-ray sources

Estimating photometric redshifts for X-ray sources in the X-ATLAS field using machine-learning techniques

Exploring the active galactic nuclei population with extreme X-ray-to-optical flux ratios (fx/fo > 50)

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