“…The findings add to the emerging body of research on citizen participation and learning, and are consistent with previous studies (Escofet, 2020;Sandia Saldivia & Montilva Calderón, 2020). The following findings are worth highlighting: First, digital learning was found to have a strong impact on critical thinking, which is consistent with previous research in the field (Fajari & Sarwanto, 2020;Fung, 2014;Sari, Sumarmi, Astina, Utomo, & Ridhwan, 2019;Supatmo & Ghufron, 2019;Wahyuningtyas & Wuryadi, 2018) Second, the relationship between critical thinking and citizen participation was verified, in line with other recent studies (Afify, 2019;Albert, Balázs, Butkevičienė, Mayer, & Perelló, 2021;Chen, Zhu, & Li, 2022).…”