The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle

Waytz, Adam; Heafner, Joy; Epley, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005

Cited by 884 publications

(525 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We assessed 30 items on robot-related trust based on existing scales on cognitive and affective trust in interhuman relationships [8] and general trust in HRI [10,11]. A Maximum-Likelihood factor analysis was performed to test whether these items would differentially load on two factors, namely cognitive and affective trust.…”

Section: Dependent Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Putting the aforementioned key constructs into perspective, it is plausible that communion is closely related to cognitive trust, while agency might be linked to affective trust in robots. This might be due to the fact that communion and affective trust are both linked to social motives and morality, whereas agency and cognitive trust are related to competence and performance [10,11]. The present research will examine the relationship between these constructs in more depth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It is based on beliefs about the trustee's attitude and benevolence, and on mutual "interpersonal care and concern" [8,9]. In the context of HRI, it has been found that cognitive trust is related to robot-performance (e.g., whether a robot carries out its responsibilities reliably), whereas affective trust is based on users' attributions about the robot's motives [10,11]. Putting the aforementioned key constructs into perspective, it is plausible that communion is closely related to cognitive trust, while agency might be linked to affective trust in robots.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Shape It – The Influence of Robot Body Shape on Gender Perception in Robots

2017

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Abstract. Previous research has shown that gender-related stereotypes are even applied to robots. In HRI, a robot's appearance, for instance, visual facial gender cues such as hairstyle of a robot have successfully been used to elicit gender-stereotypical judgments about male and female prototypes, respectively. To complement the set of features to visually indicate a robot's gender, we explored the impact of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and shoulder width (SW) in robot prototypes. Specifically, we investigated the effect of male vs. female appearance on perceived robot gender, the attribution of gender stereotypical traits, the robots' suitability for stereotypical tasks, and participants' trust toward the robots. Our results have demonstrated that the manipulation of WHR and SW correctly elicited gendered perceptions of the two prototypes. However, the perception of male robot gender did not affect the attribution of agentic traits and cognitive trust. Nevertheless, participants tended to rate the male robot as more suitable for stereotypically male tasks. In line with our predictions, participants preferred to use the female robot shape for stereotypically female tasks. They tended to attribute more communal traits and showed more affective trust toward the robot that was designed with a female torso versus a male robot torso. These results demonstrate that robot body shape activates stereotypes toward robots. These in turn, deeply impact people's attitudes and trust toward robots which determine people's motivation to engage in HRI.

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Section: Dependent Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 96%

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confidence: 99%

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Shape It – The Influence of Robot Body Shape on Gender Perception in Robots

2017

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“…The Waytz et al (2014) experiment necessarily confounded the presence of thoughtful content with the presence of a human voice (because the voice actually included intelligent content). We did not measure the outcomes of anthropomorphizing machines in the present manuscript.…”

Section: Anthropomorphizing With Voicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A robot that moves at a humanlike pace seems more thoughtful than a relatively sluggish or frantic robot (Morewedge, Preston, & Wegner, 2007). An autonomous automobile that interacts with you using a human voice while driving itself seems "smarter," and therefore, more trustworthy, than a noninteractive vehicle (Waytz, Heafner, & Epley, 2014). Attributing humanlike mental capacities of thinking and feeling to nonhuman agents is the essence of anthropomorphism (Epley, Waytz, & Cacioppo, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mistaking minds and machines: How speech affects dehumanization and anthropomorphism.

Schroeder

Epley

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Treating a human mind like a machine is an essential component of dehumanization, whereas attributing a humanlike mind to a machine is an essential component of anthropomorphism. Here we tested how a cue closely connected to a person’s actual mental experience—a humanlike voice—affects the likelihood of mistaking a person for a machine, or a machine for a person. We predicted that paralinguistic cues in speech are particularly likely to convey the presence of a humanlike mind, such that removing voice from communication (leaving only text) would increase the likelihood of mistaking the text’s creator for a machine. Conversely, adding voice to a computer-generated script (resulting in speech) would increase the likelihood of mistaking the text’s creator for a human. Four experiments confirmed these hypotheses, demonstrating that people are more likely to infer a human (vs. computer) creator when they hear a voice expressing thoughts than when they read the same thoughts in text. Adding human visual cues to text (i.e., seeing a person perform a script in a subtitled video clip), did not increase the likelihood of inferring a human creator compared with only reading text, suggesting that defining features of personhood may be conveyed more clearly in speech (Experiments 1 and 2). Removing the naturalistic paralinguistic cues that convey humanlike capacity for thinking and feeling, such as varied pace and intonation, eliminates the humanizing effect of speech (Experiment 4). We discuss implications for dehumanizing others through text-based media, and for anthropomorphizing machines through speech-based media.

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The 3 C's of anthropomorphism: Connection, comprehension, and competition

Yang

Aggarwal

McGill

2019

Consumer Psychology Review

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Anthropomorphism, or imbuing nonhuman entities with human traits, is widely prevalent in the marketplace. The last decade of consumer research demonstrates that when imbued with human characteristics, anthropomorphized brands and products become active participants in the consumption experience and are viewed and treated fundamentally differently than those viewed simply as objects. We identify three dimensions around how consumers relate to anthropomorphized entities: connection, comprehension, and competition. The first two C's highlight how anthropomorphized brands and products benefit consumers by fulfilling belongingness needs (connection) and helping consumers understand unfamiliar situations and products (comprehension). In contrast, the competition dimension highlights how anthropomorphized brands and products are perceived as adversaries or potential threats to consumers’ individual goals. By identifying competition as the third C, we illuminate self‐protection as an additional motivation that shapes consumers’ responses to anthropomorphized entities—a motivation that has not been directly accounted for in previous theorizing.

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The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle

Cited by 884 publications

References 29 publications

Shape It – The Influence of Robot Body Shape on Gender Perception in Robots

Shape It – The Influence of Robot Body Shape on Gender Perception in Robots

Mistaking minds and machines: How speech affects dehumanization and anthropomorphism.

The 3 C's of anthropomorphism: Connection, comprehension, and competition

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