The nature of retinal radiation damage: Dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time

Ham, William T.; Ruffolo, John J.; Mueller, Harold A.; Guerry, DuPont

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(80)90047-4

Cited by 201 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ham and colleagues 34 also discovered that UVR caused acute retinal phototoxicity. In this case, he showed that UVR was more hazardous than violet or blue light, which can be explained by shorter wavelength light being more effective at generating harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retinal pigment epithelium.…”

Section: Retinal Phototoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, he showed that UVR was more hazardous than violet or blue light, which can be explained by shorter wavelength light being more effective at generating harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retinal pigment epithelium. 34,39 Welders', solar, and operatingmicroscope injuries can also be explained in this way. 18,40 Of particular concern is the damage associated with shorter wavelength visible light, that is, violet and blue light (400 to 500 nm).…”

Section: Retinal Phototoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[33][34][35] Blue-green phototoxicity is mediated by rhodopsin, which has peak sensitivity around 500 nm. Therefore, this hazard reduces in the blue/violet part of the spectrum below this peak.…”

Section: Retinal Phototoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraocular lens short wavelength light filtering

Edwards¹,

Gibson

2010

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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There is increasing interest in the effects of reactive oxygen species ('free radicals') in ageing, both in the body overall and specifically in the eye. Cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two major causes of blindness, with cataract accounting for 48 per cent of world blindness and AMD accounting for 8.7 per cent. Both cataract and AMD affect an older population (over 50 years of age) and while cataract is largely treatable provided resources are available, AMD is a common cause of untreatable, progressive visual loss. There is evidence that AMD is linked to exposure to short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, which includes ultraviolet, blue and violet wavelengths. The ageing crystalline lens provides some protection to the posterior pole because, as it yellows with age, its spectral absorption increasingly blocks the shorter wavelengths of light. Ultraviolet blocking intraocular lenses (IOLs) have been the standard of care for many years but a more recent trend is to include blue-blocking filters based on theoretical benefits. As these filters absorb part of the visible spectrum, they may affect visual function. This review looks at the risks and the benefits of filtering out short wavelength light in pseudophakic patients.

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Section: Retinal Phototoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retinal Phototoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraocular lens short wavelength light filtering

Edwards¹,

Gibson

2010

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Furthermore, there is a region where thermally enhanced actinic effects can occur. The action spectrum for actinic effects in the retina increases exponentially as the wavelength is decreased toward 400 nm (Ham et al, 1980). Importantly, these energy distribution curves are becoming increasingly relevant to our daily lives, as a result of their use in mobile phones, modern televisions, computer monitors, tablets, and flat panel display technologies (items commonly viewed on a daily basis for hours).…”

Section: Issue #3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combatant Eye Protection: An Introduction to the Blue Light Hazard

Lattimore¹

2015

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, Introduction -Combat spectacles have successfully provided protection from penetrating ocular injury for over 5 years; the primary obstacle to their successful performance had been getting Soldiers to actually wear the protective gear. As success stories emerged (via photographic evidence), compliance rates approached 100%. The risk of functional eye injury resulting from visible solar radiation has been less obvious. Moreover, the risk of functional ocular tissue injury from LED-generated radiant energy remains under scrutiny. All LEDs (i.e., those embedded within digital tactical display systems, flat panel instrument displays, computer monitors, and televisions) can possess major energy outputs across the blue spectrum, independent of their apparent white or observational color. Methods -This report is based on current data-extrapolation from prior work that had quantified alterations in rabbit corneal metabolic activity secondary to in-vivo UV exposures. [nm], 300 nm, 310 nm, and 360 nm), the exposures varied from 0.05 J/cm 2 to 0.25 J/cm 2 (in 0.05 J/cm 2 steps), based on the need to maintain environmental relevance. Micro-polarographic corneal oxygen uptake rates served as the in-vivo index of alteration in oxidative metabolic rate. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)Results -A multi-factorial analysis of variance exhibited an overall significant between-groups effect by wavelength (p < 0.0001), as well as an interactive effect between wavelength and radiant energy dose (p < 0.005). Control eyes were stable. Extrapolation of the nonlinear trend lines out into visible wavelengths reached baseline near 447 nm.Discussion -Evidence of metabolic vulnerability to visible light extending well into the blue spectrum is vitally important, as this is indicative of a moving, scalable effect, with no traditional threshold delineating expectation of damage/no damage. Added stressors (e.g., increased altitude or contact lens wear) could shift the wavelength effects toward a more damaging clinical picture. Recent reports have indicated rod photo-pigment damage resulting from solar blue-light exposures, adversely affecting unaided night vision, a militarily important performance decrement.Conclusion -The incorporation of blue filters in conjunction with current protective eyewear represents one potentially proactive solution, but there are limits. A defined research program regarding establishment of human functional ocular parameter limits would be essential to overall safety. The activation wavelength for...

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“…Several studies have shown that the shorter the wavelength of light, the more serious the retinal photochemical damage (23)(24)(25)(26). Numerous epidemiologic investigations support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to shortwave visible radiation, blue light, is a contributing factor to the aging and degeneration of the retina (27)(28)(29)(30)(31) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation at high latitudes.

Hietanen¹

1991

Scand J Work Environ Health

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The nature of retinal radiation damage: Dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time

Cited by 201 publications

References 30 publications

Intraocular lens short wavelength light filtering

Intraocular lens short wavelength light filtering

Combatant Eye Protection: An Introduction to the Blue Light Hazard

Ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation at high latitudes.

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