The Relationship Between Smartphone Use, Insomnia, Stress, and Anxiety Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

The rapid increase in the number of smartphone users has raised concern about the negative psychosocial and physical effects of this use. A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted to investigate the relationship between smartphone use, anxiety and insomnia among university students. A convenience sample of 404 students from one public university completed questionnaires with items from the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and the Insomnia Severity Index, with some demographic data. High smartphone addition scale score was significantly associated with higher anxiety and stress scores of the Depression Anxiety Stress scale, and higher insomnia severity index score. The findings support the importance of an intervention program to promote appropriate use of smartphones and to improve sleep and psychological symptoms such as stress and anxiety among university students.

The Association between Smartphone Addiction and Insomnia Incidence in Students of the Faculty of Medicine Udayana University Batch of 2020 during the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic

“…This can be evidence that smartphone addiction is a risk factor for insomnia [37]. Similar studies have been conducted and state the same thing that smartphone addiction has a relationship with the incidence of sleep disorders (insomnia) both in terms of quality and quantity [15], [16], [17], [29], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65].…”

“…The study did not take place during a pandemic, and there were no studies on insomnia [14]. Several other studies have also raised the relationship between smartphone addiction and the incidence of insomnia, but they do not specifically discuss insomnia and do not exist in Indonesia [14], [15], [16], [17]. However, this research can be used as a support for the literature and a benchmark for the results of the research that will be conducted this time.…”

Education 4.0 in Developing Economies: A Systematic Literature Review of Implementation Barriers and Future Research Agenda

“…This apprehension of stakeholders is enforced by ignorance about EDUC4 and the latent fear for change, especially with potential health implications (B9) [33,37]. For instance, prolonged exposure to digital devices has been associated with health problems such as eye strains, insomnia, stress, and anxiety disorders [55]. Furthermore, the lack of experience in using digital devices could reduce the utility of digital technology in automating otherwise manual processes involved in instruction.…”

Smartphone Use among Undergraduate STEM Students during COVID-19: An Opportunity for Higher Education?

“…Both teachers and students present positive levels of perception and acceptance toward M-learning [25,27,30,31]. There are also studies focusing on assessing the negative effects of smartphone use on the health of students, including ergonomics [32,33]; poor sleep quality [34,35]; mental health issues, such as stress, depression, and anxiety [36]; and psychological aspects, such as happiness and quality of life [37,38].…”