BACKGROUND: The use of smartphones is increasing in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic for various purposes, this encourages smartphone addiction. In addition, the incidence of insomnia has also increased in the pandemic era. AIM: This study was conducted to find an association between smartphone addiction and the incidence of insomnia, especially among students of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. METHOD: This research is a descriptive-analytic study with the cross-sectional method, using two main questionnaires, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and Insomnia Severity Index. Questionnaires were distributed using Google forms and then collected and analyzed using software SPSS version 25. RESULT: Overall the total research respondents with the inclusion criteria in this study amounted to 364 people. The results showed that 212 respondents (58.24%) had a high level of smartphone addiction and 152 respondents (41.76%) had a low level of smartphone addiction. In addition, 187 respondents (51.37%) experienced mild insomnia, 87 respondents (23.9%) experienced moderate insomnia, 13 respondents (3.57%) experienced severe insomnia, and 77 respondents (21.15%) did not experience insomnia. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that smartphone addiction had a significant relationship (p = 0.002) with weak and positive correlation (r = 0.162) to the incidence of insomnia. CONCLUSION: It was found that the majority of respondents experienced high levels of smartphone addiction and mild insomnia. Another finding suggests the higher addiction to the smartphones, the more severe insomnia suffered.

Objectives To investigate the association between the consumption of antipsychotic drugs and breast cancer. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, relevant studies were extracted from different databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Medline, and additional sources. The selected studies were statistically analyzed and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results Of a total of 11 studies selected, five were case-control type and six were cohort type. The overall study quality was 6.7. Meta-analysis of the five case-control studies (which together had 81 766 breast cancer patients and 1 150 316 control participants) showed no significant association between the overall use of antipsychotic drugs and the incidence of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.94–1.19; p = 0.36). Q-test results showed evidence of heterogeneity ( p < 0.10) in the overall analysis. The I 2 statistical assessment also show evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 > 75%). Conclusions The use of antipsychotic drugs does not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Breast cancer is associated with a high mortality rate and health-related economic burden. Breast cancer patients have a low 5-year life expectancy when diagnosed at advanced stages. Besides, the emergence of chemoresistance in breast cancer has led to an intense search for alternative anticancer agents. One of the potential anticancer compounds is Piperine. Several studies had found that Piperine has anticancer effects such as anti-proliferation, induces apoptosis, anti-migration or anti-metastasis, chemo-enhancer or chemosensitizer, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenesis, immune response modulators, and self-renewal inhibitor for cancer stem cells. Several delivery agents such as PLGA, PEG-PLGA and liposomes have been studied to improve Piperine's delivery and have shown good results. Therefore, the combination of Piperine and nanoparticles is a potential anticancer agent, especially in breast cancer.

Kanker kolorektal ialah kanker pada usus besar meliputi kolon serta rektum (1). Adapun gejala yang ditimbulkan berupa abnormalitas defekasi, perdarahan feses, anemia, berat badan menurun, dan nyeri pada bagian abdomen (2). Menurut laporan Global Burden of Cancer Study (GLOBOCAN) pada tahun 2018, kanker kolorektal menduduki peringkat ketiga kanker dengan penderita terbanyak dan mudah ditemukan secara global (2 juta kasus baru dan 1 juta kematian) (3) (4). Di Indonesia sendiri, insiden kanker kolorektal mencapai 8,6% (30.017 kasus) dan menempati peringkat keempat dari segala jenis kanker (5). Penatalaksanaan kanker kolorektal saat ini meliputi pemberian kemoterapi sistemik, radioterapi, dan pembedahan (6). Akan tetapi, penanganan saat ini dinilai mahal dan menimbulkan efek samping. Tindakan operasi diketahui tidak dapat mengangkat sel kanker seutuhnya. Sementara itu, radioterapi dan pemberian obat anti-kanker dapat memicu efek samping terhadap sel normal tubuh (7) (8) (9) (10). Berbagai modalitas baru dikembangkan sehingga mampu mencapai efikasi dan minim efek samping. Hal ini penting dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pembaharuan terapi dan penatalaksanaan kanker kolorektal. Salah satu modalitas tersebut adalah mikrobiota usus (11). Pengkonsumsian bakteri yang bermanfaat terhadap tubuh seperti probiotik dapat memodulasi mikroorganisme pada sistem gastrointestinal sehingga memiliki kaitan yang erat dengan kolorektal (12). Lactobacillus plantarum merupakan probiotik potensial sebagai penatalaksanaan kanker kolorektal (13). L.plantarum merupakan golongan lactic acid bacteria (LAB) yang dapat dicerna dalam produk susu fermentasi atau sebagai suplemen (14). Bakteri ini memberikan efek yang menguntungkan untuk inang dengan meningkatkan keseimbangan mikroba usus (12). L. plantarum adalah strain bakteri probiotik serbaguna yang biasanya ditemukan di berbagai produk makanan fermentasi (15). Bakteri ini banyak digunakan dalam fermentasi industri dan pemrosesan makanan mentah dan diakui aman secara umum dengan terpenuhinya status Colorectal cancer is a cancer of the colon including the colon and rectum with symptoms such as blood in the stool, anemia, and abdominal pain. This is the third most common cancer worldwide and causes 30.017 cases in Indonesia on 2019. Current treatment of colorectal cancer includes the administration of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, they are considerably expensive and have many side effects. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is known to have an anticancer effect by influencing carcinogenesis in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stimulates anticancer immunity. This literature review aims to examine the potential of L. plantarum as an intervention in the management of colorectal cancer based on the modification of the gut microbiota. The writing method used is literature study by examining library sources from five research engines, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, Plos ONE, Nature, and Sciencedirect. After going through the screening, 79 relevant sources were obtained which were th...

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that has a high prevalence in the world. The development of plants with medicinal potential is an alternative to control blood sugar levels in T2DM disease, such as avocado (Persea americana). Persea americana seeds contain secondary metabolites that have anti-diabetic activity, but their bioavailability is low.Aim: This study aims to review various secondary metabolites in Persea americana seeds that can reduce blood glucose levels in α-amylase pathway along with the type of potential encapsulation as a delivery system. Review: Secondary metabolites contained in Persea americana seeds which have activity as anti-diabetic are tannin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, saponin, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. Each of them has several mechanisms in diabetes, but their role as α-amylase inhibitor on T2DM be in focus. There are various types of encapsulation that are known to be able to serve as a delivery system for these secondary metabolites. Those encapsulations are SNEDDS, chitosan-alginate nanoparticle, PLGA nanoparticle, lipid carrier, liposome, and polysaccharide-based enteric-coated nanoparticle. All of them showed good results in improving bioavailability. Conclusion:It is known that various secondary metabolites found in Persea americana seeds influence reducing blood glucose levels notably in the α-amylase pathway. The low bioavailability of secondary metabolites can be improved by several forms of potential encapsulation. Therefore, herbal substances as adjuvant therapy in T2DM might be a viable management option.