The Review of Bioeffects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Oral Tissue-Derived Cells and Its Application in Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Magnets have been widely used in dentistry for orthodontic tooth movement and denture retention. Nevertheless, criticisms have arisen regarding the biosafety of static magnetic field (SMF) effects on surrounding tissues. Various controversial pieces of evidence have been discussed regarding SMFs on cellular biophysics, but little consensus has been reached, especially in the field of dentistry. Thus, the present paper will first review the safe use of SMFs in the oral cavity and as an additive therapy to orthodontic tooth movement and periodontium regeneration. Then, studies regarding SMF-incorporated implants are reviewed to investigate the advantageous effects of SMFs on osseointegration and the underlying mechanisms. Finally, a review of current developments in dentistry surrounding the combination of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and SMFs is made to clarify potential future clinical applications.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Static Magnetic Fields in Bone Remodeling

“…According to the strength of the magnetic field, SMF can be classified as a hypomagnetic field (HyMF, <5 μT, commonly found in outer space), weak SMF (5 μT–1 mT, such as a geomagnetic field), moderate SMF (1 mT–1 T, such as common permanent magnets), and high SMF (>1 T, such as MRI and superconducting magnet) [ 47 ]. Numerous studies have shown that SMFs with different magnetic field strengths have different effects on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation [ 48 ].…”

Synergistic Effect of Static Magnetic Fields and 3D-Printed Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticle-Containing Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…This result has been reported by other researchers using other biomaterials and cell types. Recent reports have also indicated that static magnetic stimulation can induce viability and osteogenesis both in vitro and in vivo [ 52 ]. Based on our results, we hypothesized that magnetic stimulation disrupted the arrangement of cellular membranes, influencing cellular adhesion and attachment and, as a result, increasing the secretion of osteogenesis-related markers.…”

Impact of a Static Magnetic Field on Early Osseointegration: A Pilot Study in Canines

“…Magnetic fields have traditionally been implicated to support the natural process of bone regeneration, particularly with respect to fracture healing [7,8]. Recently, accumulating evidence has provided insights into how static magnetic fields from permanent magnets and Materials 2023, 16, 1846 2 of 11 pulsed electromagnetic fields affect the process of osseointegration of dental implants [9,10]. For instance, magnetic flux may stimulate osseointegration by increasing blood circulation and consequently enhancing the supply of oxygen and nutrients or by modulating cellular activity and signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, MAPK signaling) relevant to bone formation [9,10].…”