The Role of Supervision in Resistance Training; an Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fisher, James; Steele, James; Wolf, Milo; Androulakis-Korakakis, Patroklos; Smith, David J.; Gießing, Jürgen

doi:10.47206/ijsc.v2i1.101

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In a recent publication, we observed a significant superiority of supervision (versus predominantly nonsupervised protocols) on overall and main osteoporotic fracture incidence in middle-aged to older adults [7]. This result was supported by findings [5,112] which reported that supervised protocols demonstrate significantly higher effects on dynamic balance, strength, and power, i.e., parameters related to fall risk [113,114] and bone strength [8]. Fisher et al [5] postulated that the superiority of supervised (resistance) exercise programs might be related to higher adherence, motivation, intensity progression, and safety.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This result was supported by findings [5,112] which reported that supervised protocols demonstrate significantly higher effects on dynamic balance, strength, and power, i.e., parameters related to fall risk [113,114] and bone strength [8]. Fisher et al [5] postulated that the superiority of supervised (resistance) exercise programs might be related to higher adherence, motivation, intensity progression, and safety. Exercise programs on bone strengthening applied intensive resistance, weight bearing, and impact exercises [115,116] which also underline the relevance of supervision for effective and safe exercise protocols, especially for older people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…)). "Bone status": We focus on osteoporosis/osteopenia and fractures -otherwise, subjects were considered "healthy" 1 According to the text, 63 women were randomized equally 2 It is not stated to which groups the seven drop outs belong 3 It is not stated to which group the nine drop outs belong 4 It is not clear to which exercise groups two persons who failed to complete the program belong 5 One side of body is considered as control and the other side as intervention 6 No data concerning participants/group; we assumed an equal allocation 7 Exercise with or without 831 mg/day Ca versus sedentary control with or without 831 mg/day Ca Inspecting the LFK Index (1.04), we observed minor asymmetry; results of the regression (p = 0.068) and rank correlation test (p = 0.127) were non-significant, however.…”

Section: Effects Of Exercise On Bmd At the Femoral Neckmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise training and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies with emphasis on potential moderators

et al. 2023

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The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was (1) to determine exercise effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women and (2) to address the corresponding implication of bone and menopausal status or supervision in postmenopausal women. A comprehensive search of eight electronic databases according to the PRISMA statement up to August 9, 2022, included controlled exercise trials ≥ 6 months. BMD changes (standardized mean differences: SMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were considered as outcomes. Study group comparisons were conducted for osteopenia/osteoporosis versus normal BMD, early versus late postmenopausal women, and predominantly supervised versus predominantly non-supervised study arms. We applied an inverse heterogeneity (IVhet) model. In summary, 80 studies involving 94 training and 80 control groups with a pooled number of 5581 participants were eligible. The IVhet model determined SMDs of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.16-0.42), 0.27 (95% CI: 0.16-0.39), and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.30-0.52) for LS, FN, and THBMD, respectively. Heterogeneity between the trial results varied from low (I 2 = 20%, TH BMD) to substantial (I 2 = 68%, LS-BMD). Evidence for publication bias/small study effects was negligibly low (FN-, TH-BMD) to high (LSBMD). We observed no significant differences (p > .09) for exercise effects on LS-, FN-, or TH-BMD-LS between studies/study arms with or without osteopenia/osteoporosis, early versus late postmenopausal women, or predominantly supervised versus non-supervised exercise programs. Using robust statistical methods, the present work provides further evidence for a positive effect of exercise on BMD in postmenopausal women. Differences in bone status (osteopenia/osteoporosis versus normal bone), menopausal status (early versus late postmenopausal), and supervision (yes versus no) did not significantly affect the exercise effects on BMD at LS or proximal femur.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Effects Of Exercise On Bmd At the Femoral Neckmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise training and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies with emphasis on potential moderators

et al. 2023

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“…Accordingly, methodological quality was judged regarding the percent of satisfied items (PEDro percent), to allow comparability of studies. This value was further analyzed using meta-regression statistics to assess possible moderating effects of study quality [35]. Additionally, overall funnel plots [36], as well as graphical display of study heterogeneity plots [37] were used to visualize publication bias and heterogeneity.…”

Section: Methodological Quality Of the Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Muscle Strength and Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Multi-level Meta-analysis

et al. 2023

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Background The current literature on the chronic effects of static stretching (SS) exercises on muscle strength and power is unclear and controversial. Objective We aimed to examine the chronic effects of SS exercises on muscle strength and power as well as flexibility in healthy individuals across the lifespan. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of (randomized) controlled trials. Data Sources A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus up to May 2022. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies We included studies that investigated the chronic effects of SS exercises on at least one muscle strength and power outcome compared to an active/passive control group or the contralateral leg (i.e., using between- or within-study designs, respectively) in healthy individuals, irrespective of age, sex, and training status. Results The main findings of 41 studies indicated trivial-to-small positive effects of chronic SS exercises on muscle strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.21, [95% confidence interval 0.10–0.32], p = 0.001) and power (SMD = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.26], p < 0.001). For flexibility, moderate-to-large increases were observed (SMD = 0.96, [95% confidence interval 0.70–1.22], p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses, taking the participants’ training status into account, revealed a larger muscle strength improvement for sedentary (SMD = 0.58, p < 0.001) compared with recreationally active participants (SMD = 0.16, p = 0.029). Additionally, larger flexibility gains were observed following passive (SMD = 0.97, p < 0.001) compared with active SS exercises (SMD = 0.59, p = 0.001). The chronic effects of SS on muscle strength were moderated by the proportion of female individuals in the sample (β = 0.004, p = 0.042), with higher proportions experiencing larger gains. Other moderating variables included mean age (β = 0.011, p < 0.001), with older individuals showing larger muscle strength gains, and the number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session (β = 0.023, p = 0.004 and β = 0.013, p = 0.008, respectively), with more repetitions associated with larger muscle strength improvements. Muscle power was also moderated by mean age (β = 0.006, p = 0.007) with larger gains in older individuals. The meta-regression analysis indicated larger flexibility gains with more repetitions per session (β = 0.094, p = 0.016), more time under stretching per session (β = 0.090, p = 0.026), and more total time under stretching (β = 0.078, p = 0.034). Conclusions The main findings indicated that chronic SS exercises have the potential to improve muscle strength and power. Such improvements appear to benefit sedentary more than recreationally active participants. Likewise, chronic SS exercises result in a marked enhancement in flexibility with larger effects of passive, as compared with active, SS. The results of the meta-regression analysis for muscle strength indicated larger benefits of chronic SS exercises in samples with higher proportions of female, older participants, and a higher number of repetitions per stretching exercise and session. For muscle power, results suggested larger gains for older participants. Regarding flexibility, findings indicated larger benefits following a higher number of repetitions per exercise and a longer time under stretching per session as well as a longer total time under stretching.

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“…encouragement that might augment intensity of effort [7,12,44]. Indeed, a recent meta-analysis suggests that, while small, supervision may have an impact on strength gains produced by resistance training [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term supervised virtual training maintains intensity of effort and represents an efficacious alternative to traditional studio-based supervised strength training

Carlson¹,

Gschneidner²,

Steele³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Virtual personal training might represent an uncomplicated, accessible, and time-efficient approach to supervised strength training, particularly under government-imposed lockdown or closure of fitness facilities. However, there appears a dearth of literature evaluating the efficacy of virtual personal training. Methods: The present project considered two studies considering supervised virtual strength training. Study 1 considered trained participants being supervised one-to-one through traditional resistance exercise sessions in a strength training studio (STUD), compared to a virtual personal training protocol performed using bodyweight resistance exercises (VIRT). This study utilized a crossover design whereby male (n = 13) and female (n = 7) participants were tested for body composition using BodPod, and strength for bench press, leg press, and highrow exercises. Participants were then randomly assigned to 3-weeks of VIRT or 3-weeks of STUD training. Following each 3-week training period, participants had a 1-week period without training whereby midintervention testing occurred, after which participants then completed the alternate training intervention. For study 2, we surveyed the client base of a chain of training facilities that had begun offering virtual personal training during lockdown to explore their views on this approach. Results: Strength and body composition changes were similar between groups, however for neither condition did results surpass the smallest meaningful change. The remaining survey data suggests that supervised virtual resistance training yields similar perceptions of effort, motivation, enjoyment, and supervision quality, compared to traditional supervised studio training. Conclusion: Based on the current data, it appears that short-term supervised virtual resistance training is as efficacious as traditional supervised studio-based resistance training.

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The Role of Supervision in Resistance Training; an Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Exercise training and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies with emphasis on potential moderators

Exercise training and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies with emphasis on potential moderators

Chronic Effects of Static Stretching Exercises on Muscle Strength and Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Multi-level Meta-analysis

Short-term supervised virtual training maintains intensity of effort and represents an efficacious alternative to traditional studio-based supervised strength training

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