The Roles of Greenhouse Gases in Global Warming

Ollila, Antero

doi:10.1260/0958-305x.23.5.781

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These data have been derived from satellite measurements (Vey [34]) and are almost a factor of two larger than those given by the International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 5 US Standard Atmosphere [35]. But they are in quite good agreement with the Average Global Atmosphere (Ollila [36]), which even specifies values 12% larger than ours. The CH 4 concentration was set to 1.8 ppm and O 3 to vary over the stratosphere with a maximum concentration of 7 ppm at 38 km altitude.…”

Section: Clear Sky At Global Mean Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 57%

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂

Harde

2017

International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences

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We present detailed line-by-line radiation transfer calculations, which were performed under different atmospheric conditions for the most important greenhouse gases water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. Particularly cloud effects, surface temperature variations, and humidity changes as well as molecular lineshape effects are investigated to examine their specific influence on some basic climatologic parameters like the radiative forcing, the long wave absorptivity, and back-radiation as a function of an increasing CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere. These calculations are used to assess the CO 2 global warming by means of an advanced two-layer climate model and to disclose some larger discrepancies in calculating the climate sensitivity. Including solar and cloud effects as well as all relevant feedback processes our simulations give an equilibrium climate sensitivity of = 0.7 ∘ C (temperature increase at doubled CO 2 ) and a solar sensitivity of = 0.17 ∘ C (at 0.1% increase of the total solar irradiance). Then CO 2 contributes 40% and the Sun 60% to global warming over the last century.

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Section: Clear Sky At Global Mean Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 57%

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂

Harde

2017

International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences

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“…The contributors of the GH effect according to the published research studies are the absorbers of longwave (LW) radiation, which are the main GH gases and clouds. There are only a few comprehensive studies on this subject [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The author has recognized three studies applying all-sky conditions [7,8,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies, the percentages of three main contributors vary: for water, they range from 38% to 80.7%; for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from 12.9% to 26%; and for clouds from 1% to 39%. It should be noticed that in all studies above, the percentages of GH factors have been calculated from the LW absorption value, which varies from 125 Wm -2 to 158.3 Wm -2 [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenging the Greenhouse Effect Specification and the Climate Sensitivity of the IPCC

Ollila

2019

PSIJ

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The greenhouse effect concept has been developed to explain the Earth’s elevated temperature. The prevailing theory of climate change is the anthropogenic global warming theory, which assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by GH gases and clouds. The actual warming increase to 33°C of the Earth’s surface temperature according to the present GH effect definition is the infrared downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 emitted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere’s temperature is the key element behind this radiation. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. In this study, the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect. This greater GH effect is a prerequisite for the present atmospheric temperature, which provides downward radiation on the surface. Clouds’ net effect is 1% based on the empirical observations. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.3% corresponding to 2.4°C in temperature. The reproduction of CO2 radiative forcing (RF) showed the climate sensitivity RF value to be 2.16 Wm-2, which is 41.6% smaller than the 3.7 Wm-2 used by the IPCC. A climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect, but the IPCC’s climate model showing a CS of 1.8°C or 1.2°C does not.

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“…In principle, the planetary motion can produce gravitational and/or electromagnetic forcings directly onto the Sun, interacting with its magnetic activity, and/or within the heliosphere. In this way, it could be modulating the incoming flux of cosmic rays as well as the concentration of the interplanetary/cosmic dust around the Earth-Moon system (Ermakov et al, 2009a;Ollila, 2015). Such forcing should then maintain the imprinting of its origins and be synchronized with some planetary resonances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the astronomical origin of the Hallstatt oscillation found in radiocarbon and climate records throughout the Holocene

Scafetta

Milani²,

Bianchini

et al. 2016

Earth-Science Reviews

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An oscillation with a period of about 2100–2500 years, the Hallstatt cycle, is found in cosmogenic radioisotopes (14C and 10Be) and in paleoclimate records throughout the Holocene. This oscillation is typically associated with solar variations, but its primary physical origin remains uncertain. Herein we show strong evidences for an astronomical origin of this cycle. Namely, this oscillation is coherent to a repeating pattern in the periodic revolution of the planets around the Sun: the major stable resonance involving the four Jovian planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - which has a period of about p = 2318 years. Inspired by the Milankovi´ c’s theory of an astronomical origin of the glacial cycles, we test whether the Hallstatt cycle could derive from the rhythmic variation of the circularity of the solar system assuming that this dynamics could eventually modulate the solar wind and, consequently, the incoming cosmic ray flux and/or the interplanetary/cosmic dust concentration around the Earth-Moon system. The orbit of the planetary mass center (PMC) relative to the Sun was used as a proxy.We analyzed how the instantaneous eccentricity vector of this virtual orbit varies from 13,000 BCE to 17,000 CE. We found that it undergoes kind of pulsations as it clearly presents rhythmic contraction and expansion patterns with a 2318 year period together with a number of already known faster oscillations associated to the planetary orbital stable resonances, which are theoretically calculated. These periods include a quasi 20-year oscillation, a quasi 60-year oscillation, the 82-97 year Gleissberg oscillation and the 159-185 year Jose oscillation. There exists a quasi p/2 phase shift between the 2100–2500 year oscillation found in the 14C record and that of the calculated eccentricity function. Namely, at the Hallstatt-cycle time scale, a larger production of radionucleotide particles occurs while the Sun-PMC orbit evolves from more elliptical shapes (e ≈ 0.598) to more circular ones (e ≈ 0.590), that is while the orbital system is slowly imploding or bursting inward; a smaller production of radionucleotide particles occurs while the Sun-PMC orbit evolves from more circular shapes (e ≈ 0.590) to a more elliptical ones (e ≈ 0.598), that is while the orbital system is slowly exploding or bursting outward. Since at this timescale the PMC eccentricity variation is relatively small (e = 0.594 ± 0.004), the physical origin of the astronomical 2318 year cycle is better identified and distinguished from faster orbital oscillations by the times it takes the PMC to make pericycles and apocycles around the Sun and the times it takes to move from minimum to maximum distance from the Sun within those arcs. These particular proxies reveal a macroscopic 2318 year period oscillation, together with other three stable outer planets orbital resonances with periods of 159, 171 and 185 years. This 2318 year oscillation is found to be spectrally coherent with the D14C Holocene record with a statistical confidence above 95%, as deter...

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The Roles of Greenhouse Gases in Global Warming

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂

Challenging the Greenhouse Effect Specification and the Climate Sensitivity of the IPCC

On the astronomical origin of the Hallstatt oscillation found in radiocarbon and climate records throughout the Holocene

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The Roles of Greenhouse Gases in Global Warming

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO2

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO2

Challenging the Greenhouse Effect Specification and the Climate Sensitivity of the IPCC

On the astronomical origin of the Hallstatt oscillation found in radiocarbon and climate records throughout the Holocene

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂

Radiation Transfer Calculations and Assessment of Global Warming by CO₂