The Rough Guide to the Moon and Mars

Lockwood, Mike; Hapgood, Mike

doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48611.x

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In this case, the CME shock front is too weak to generate significant SEP fluxes (only a few energetic Helium ions were detected) but STEREO could have given warning of the timing and potential fluxes at least 24 hours in advance (earlier with less precision). If mankind is to embark on the colonization of the Moon or send a manned mission to Mars or, indeed, send astronauts anywhere outside the protective shield provided by Earth's magnetic field, an accurate forecast of the space environment will be vital to ensure their survival [ Lockwood and Hapgood , 2007]. The observations presented here represent a milestone for the STEREO mission and offer exciting potential for any future space‐weather forecast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heliosphere is a hazardous radiation environment. In particular solar energetic particles (SEPs), which are accelerated by the shock situated at the leading edge of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are a major hazard to spacecraft systems and astronauts [e.g., Reames , 1999; Lockwood , 2007; Lockwood and Hapgood , 2007]. Predicting both the occurrence and the trajectory of CMEs is therefore crucial in characterizing the radiation hazards at specific locations in the heliosphere – with Earth being of particular importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stereoscopic imaging of an Earth‐impacting solar coronal mass ejection: A major milestone for the STEREO mission

Davis¹,

Davies²,

Lockwood³

et al. 2009

Geophysical Research Letters

135

157

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[1] We present stereoscopic images of an Earth-impacting Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). The CME was imaged by the Heliospheric Imagers onboard the twin STEREO spacecraft during December 2008. The apparent acceleration of the CME is used to provide independent estimates of its speed and direction from the two spacecraft. Three distinct signatures within the CME were all found to be closely Earth-directed. At the time that the CME was predicted to pass the ACE spacecraft, in-situ observations contained a typical CME signature. At Earth, ground-based magnetometer observations showed a small but widespread sudden response to the compression of the geomagnetic cavity at CME impact. In this case, STEREO could have given warning of CME impact at least 24 hours in advance. These stereoscopic observations represent a significant milestone for the STEREO mission and have significant potential for improving operational space weather forecasting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereoscopic imaging of an Earth‐impacting solar coronal mass ejection: A major milestone for the STEREO mission

Davis¹,

Davies²,

Lockwood³

et al. 2009

Geophysical Research Letters

135

157

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“…Current estimates [8] suggest that there is ∼20% chance of exceeding the current NASA 30-d limit for a future SPE with Φ 30 = 2 × 10 9 protonscm −2 on an in interplanetary journey.The probability of multiple events increases with mission period. Protection against extremely large solar energetic particle events (SPE) that sporadically occur with very little warning, is a mission critical issue for long term, interplanetary manned missions [30,5].…”

Section: The Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

An exploration of the effectiveness of artificial mini-magnetospheres as a potential solar storm shelter for long term human space missions

Bamford¹,

Kellett²,

Bradford³

et al. 2014

Acta Astronautica

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If mankind is to explore the solar system beyond the confines of our Earth and Moon the problem of radiation protection must be addressed. Galactic cosmic rays and highly variable energetic solar particles are an ever-present hazard in interplanetary space. Electric and/or magnetic fields have been suggested as deflection shields in the past, but these treated space as an empty vacuum. In fact it is not empty. Space contains a plasma known as the solar wind; a constant flow of protons and electrons coming from the Sun. In this paper we explore the effectiveness of a "mini-magnetosphere" acting as a radiation protection shield. We explicitly include the plasma physics necessary to account for the solar wind and its induced effects. We show that, by capturing/containing this plasma, we enhance the effectiveness of the shield. Further evidence to support our conclusions can be obtained from studying naturally occurring "mini-magnetospheres" on the Moon. These magnetic anomalies (related to "lunar swirls") exhibit many of the effects seen in laboratory experiments and computer simulations. If shown to be feasible, this technology could become the gateway to manned exploration of interplanetary space

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“…The reconnection‐driven substorm cycles and steady convection events inject energetic particle fluxes into the magnetospheric ring current [ Reeves , ]. Energetic particles can cause satellite anomalies and failures [ Baker , ] and have major implications for the design of aircraft avionics and the working radiation environment of aircraft crews [ Jones et al, ] and astronauts [ Lockwood and Hapgood , ]. Furthermore, application of the open magnetosphere model has allowed us to understand and reconstruct past space climate [ Lockwood , ] and hence to start to predict its future [ Barnard et al , ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Jim Dungey, The Open Magnetosphere, and Space Weather

Lockwood¹

2016

Space Weather

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In 1961, James W. Dungey published a remarkable two‐paged paper in Physics Review Letters that revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's magnetosphere. In it, he used his concept of “magnetic reconnection” to introduce the open magnetosphere model. Dungey died in 2015, but his idea does a great deal more than just live on in the literature. At the same time as making sense of the magnetosphere, it has established key applications in astrophysics, planetary physics, solar and heliospheric physics, and fusion energy research—in fact, any area involving ionized gases threaded by magnetic fields. It is now the basis of our understanding and prediction of space weather phenomena.

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The Rough Guide to the Moon and Mars

Cited by 24 publications

References 52 publications

Stereoscopic imaging of an Earth‐impacting solar coronal mass ejection: A major milestone for the STEREO mission

Stereoscopic imaging of an Earth‐impacting solar coronal mass ejection: A major milestone for the STEREO mission

An exploration of the effectiveness of artificial mini-magnetospheres as a potential solar storm shelter for long term human space missions

Jim Dungey, The Open Magnetosphere, and Space Weather

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