The spread of-ly to present participles

Killie, Kristin

doi:10.1515/9783110804072.119

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…, 1998Swan (e.g. , and 1999 and Killie (1998Killie ( , 2000bKillie ( , 2007b) also corroborate the hypothesis that with regard to the productivity of adverbial -ly, the 19 th -20 th centuries represent an extremely expansive period.…”

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasesupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The -ly suffix has become increasingly attached to present participles in adverbial function (Killie 1998). This is, of course, a morphologically defined category, including various semantic meanings and syntactic and pragmatic functions.…”

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is, of course, a morphologically defined category, including various semantic meanings and syntactic and pragmatic functions. There seems to have been a constraint on the derivation of -ly adverbs from present participles in earlier English (Swan 1990(Swan : 50, 1998Killie 1998); however, adverbs such as smilingly and burningly started to occur in the 14 th century (Killie 1998: 120-123). From the 14 th century on there has been a steady growth of new adverbs of this kind, but the category did not become truly productive until the 19 th century (Killie 1998).…”

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There seems to have been a constraint on the derivation of -ly adverbs from present participles in earlier English (Swan 1990(Swan : 50, 1998Killie 1998); however, adverbs such as smilingly and burningly started to occur in the 14 th century (Killie 1998: 120-123). From the 14 th century on there has been a steady growth of new adverbs of this kind, but the category did not become truly productive until the 19 th century (Killie 1998). 16 Also past participles have been increasingly used with the -ly suffix attached (Swan 1990(Swan , 1998.…”

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary grammaticalization and the English adverbial -ly suffix

Killie

2015

Language Sciences

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Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasesupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Loss Of Morphological and Semantic Restrictions And Increasementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Secondary grammaticalization and the English adverbial -ly suffix

Killie

2015

Language Sciences

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“…Existing adverbs are recruited into the construction and new ones are coined, and in both cases analogy looks like a key mechanism. In the twentieth century the productivity appears to decline a little, but remains high, for instance with a range ofingly adverbs being coined (Killie 1998;Broccias 2012) This expansion has involved very many of the existing adverbial forms, as is the case for curiously.…”

Section: Adverbialization Of Speaker Stancementioning

confidence: 99%

Speaker stance and evaluative -ly adverbs in the Modern English period

Lewis

2020

Language Sciences

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Present-day English makes major use of adverbs for the expression of speaker stance, following what has been described as the adverbialization of speaker attitude. Two adverbial constructions have particular stance-expressing functions: those with an adverb that modifies a clause or sentence (SAdv) and those with an adverb that modifies an adjective phrase (AdjAdv). The emergence of modal and evaluative SAdvs from verb-phrase-modifying adverbs (VPAdvs) via inferencing and scope expansion has been well documented. There is a large literature on the diachronic development of present-day English intensifiers such as absolutely or really. Much less attention has been paid to the evaluative function of many AdjAdvs. This paper focuses on the relationship between extra-clausal stance -ly adverbs of the SAdv construction and their intraclausal counterparts of the AdjAdv construction. It is argued that -ly adverbial modification of adjectives cannot be reduced to intensification. It has become a favoured site for the expression of speaker evaluation, contributing to increase in information compression. The evaluative AdjAdv and SAdv constructions are seen to share a semantic schema, and by hypothesis belong to a single more abstract constructional schema. While earlier types appear to have evolved from circumstance adverbs, later types may have been coined by analogy in a cycle of increasing productivity.

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Oriented -ingly adjuncts in Late Modern English

Broccias

2012

Current Issues in Linguistic Theory

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This paper investigates the history of -ingly adjuncts (such as warningly and sneeringly) which are obtained from present participles and which occur mainly with verbs of saying, watching and motion. Such adverbs can be used in two different ways, depending on the content of their verbal bases. They can refer to a subjective evaluation of a perceptual input (e.g. warningly), thus triggering a manner interpretation. Alternatively, they can describe an independent event which is simultaneous with the main clause event (e.g. sneeringly). In either case, such -ingly adjuncts are classifiable as oriented adverbs since they can be predicated (through their verbal bases) of the main clause subject (in active sentences). On the basis of corpus evidence drawn from the Helsinki Corpus, ARCHER, CLMETEV and the LOB family corpora, it is shown that, although -ingly adjuncts in general became common in the Early Modern English period, the specific verb-based, oriented typed investigated here increased dramatically in fiction writing in the first half of the 19th century and has remained relatively constant since then. Finally, the rise of -ingly adjuncts is related to Swan’s adverbialization process.

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The spread of-ly to present participles

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Secondary grammaticalization and the English adverbial -ly suffix

Secondary grammaticalization and the English adverbial -ly suffix

Speaker stance and evaluative -ly adverbs in the Modern English period

Oriented -ingly adjuncts in Late Modern English

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