The width of the light reflex on retinal arteries and veins

Brinchmann‐Hansen, Olaf; Sandvik, Leiv

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1986.tb06948.x

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Contrary, Chui et al recently postulated that vessel walls are detectable using adaptive optics cSLO [37]. Additionally, our data shows AVR values higher than 0.8 in cSLO IR imaging in both groups, which gives rise to doubts whether cSLO IR in fact measures inner vessel diameters considering that AVR values of about 2/3 for the inner vessel diameter were reported previously [34], [38]. We use the term ‘maximum vessel diameter’ for the diameter measured in cSLO IR images.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Retinal Vessel Analysis in CADASIL Patients

Alten¹,

Motte²,

Ewering³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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PurposeTo further elucidate retinal findings and retinal vessel changes in Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) patients by means of high resolution retinal imaging.Methods28 eyes of fourteen CADASIL patients and an equal number of control subjects underwent confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) measurements, fluorescein and indocyanine angiography. Three vessel measurement techniques were applied: RNFL thickness, a semiautomatic software tool based on cSLO images and manual vessel outlining based on SD-OCT.ResultsMean age of patients was 56.2±11.6 years. Arteriovenous nicking was present in 22 (78.6%) eyes and venous dilation in 24 (85.7%) eyes. Retinal volume and choroidal volume were 8.77±0.46 mm3 and 8.83±2.24 mm3. RNFL measurements showed a global increase of 105.2 µm (Control group: 98.4 µm; p = 0.015). Based on semi-automatic cSLO measurements, maximum diameters of arteries and veins were 102.5 µm (106.0 µm; p = 0.21) and 128.6 µm (124.4 µm; p = 0.27) respectively. Manual SD-OCT measurements revealed significantly increased mean arterial 138.7 µm (125.4 µm; p<0.001) and venous 160.0 µm (146.9; p = 0.003) outer diameters as well as mean arterial 27.4 µm (19.2 µm; p<0.001) and venous 18.3 µm (15.7 µm; p<0.001) wall thicknesses in CADASIL patients.ConclusionsThe findings reflect current knowledge on pathophysiologic changes in vessel morphology in CADASIL patients. SD-OCT may serve as a complementary tool to diagnose and follow-up patients suffering from cerebral small-vessel diseases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Retinal Vessel Analysis in CADASIL Patients

Alten¹,

Motte²,

Ewering³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…Assessment of this arteriovenous ratio (AVR), the ratio of arteriolar diameter to venule diameter, and the general appearance of retinal vessels are based on the normal light reflex of the retinal vasculature, which is formed by the reflection from the interface between the blood column and the vessel wall. 4,5 In the thin-walled veins, the strong absorbance of green light by hemoglobin leads to the characteristic dark appearance. 6 Retinal arteries have a more silvery look, indicating that light is reflected before it reaches the blood itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although structural differences between arterioles and venules with regard to vessel wall composition are well known, 5,24 ex vivo studies are hampered by the confounding effects of histologic preparation on tissue composition and dimension. 26 Nevertheless, the calculated AVR based on the quantification of vessel diameter in the trypsin-digested human specimen was remarkably close to the AVR od based on the in vivo approach in the ␣SMA-GFP mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Assessment of Retinal Vascular Wall Dimensions

Fischer

Huber

Feng

et al. 2010

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Transgenic αSMA-GFP expression in murine vessel wall components allowed quantification of retinal vessel outer diameters in vivo. Although arterioles and venules differ in lumen and vessel wall width, they share a common outer diameter, leading to an AVR(od) close to unity. Because vessel walls are primary targets in common hypertensive and metabolic diseases, αSMA-GFP transgenic mice may prove valuable in the detailed assessment of such disorders in vivo.

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“…Thin-walled veins appear dark due to the strong absorbance of green light by hemoglobin. [ 5 21 ] Thus, the arteriolar-to-venular ratio based on fundus evaluation does not include the outer diameter of the vessel. There has been limited success with the previously studied clinical arteriolar-to-venular ratio as a marker for systemic and ocular disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data of retinal arteriolar and venular calibre measurements determined using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system – Importance and implications for study of cardiometabolic disorders

Garg

Venkatesh

Chawla

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To determine and validate retinal vascular caliber measurements by using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. Retinal vasculature changes are often regarded as clinical markers for systemic disease. Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted on 600 eyes of 300 normal subjects with no systemic or ocular illness from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 in a tertiary referral eye center. Non-mydriatic infrared reflectance, blue reflectance, and blue peak blue autofluorescence fundus imaging were done on the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. The dimensions of the retinal vessels were measured using inbuilt calipers at 1800 mm from the center of the optic disc. Internal and external dimensions were measured. Observer variation and its comparison using Image J software were assessed. Results: The median age was 29 years (18–50 years). Mean internal and external diameters for arterioles were 85.1 ± 12.4 mm and 105.0 ± 12.0 mm, and for venules were 133.8 ± 16.6 mm and 145.4 ± 16.1 mm, respectively. The mean internal and external wall thicknesses were 19.7 ± 8.0 mm and 11.0 ± 5.6 mm, and wall thickness-to-lumen ratios were 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Arteriolar-to-venular ratio for lumen and vessel was 0.66 ± 0.1 and 0.74 ± 0.1, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between age groups. Both inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was >95%. The Bland–Altman plot showed that the difference between measurements using both confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and Image J software lies within the limits of agreement approximately 95% of the time. Conclusion: This is the first effort to develop a normative database by using a simple non-invasive confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system with high observer reproducibility.

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The width of the light reflex on retinal arteries and veins

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Multimodal Retinal Vessel Analysis in CADASIL Patients

Multimodal Retinal Vessel Analysis in CADASIL Patients

In Vivo Assessment of Retinal Vascular Wall Dimensions

Normative data of retinal arteriolar and venular calibre measurements determined using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system – Importance and implications for study of cardiometabolic disorders

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