“…Over the past century, different types of thermal spray coating technologies have emerged including high-velocity oxygen spray, , plasma spray, , and even cold spray (i.e., near ambient temperatures) technologies, all of which are promising or have become essential for the protection of industrial infrastructure. , Various materials such as metals (wire, powder, or rod), ceramics, , and polymers , have been thermally sprayed onto many different substrates. , The particles are (semi-)melted and accelerated to high velocities directed at the substrate where they impinge and rapidly solidify to form a thin “splat”. The buildup of splats from successive impingement and interbonding results in a deposited coating, generally >10 μm thick .…”