Thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of Sn–Bi–Zn ternary alloys

Sn–Bi–Fe thermodynamic modeling and Sn–Bi/Fe interfacial reactions

“…Based on these reaction couple results, it is concluded that the tie-line transition is at 395 C if the different phase formation is caused by the same mechanism as in the SnPb-Fe system [3]. It should be mentioned that the reaction temperature at 390 C was initially chosen based on a preliminary calculation of the possible tie-line transition temperature in the Sn-Bi-Fe system [48,57,58]. Fig.…”

Liquidus projection and thermodynamic modeling of Sn–Zn–Cu ternary system

“…The Calphad method [17] is an effective approach to acquiring phase equilibria information of multi-component systems. Thermodynamic modeling of the Sn-Zn-Cu ternary system is conducted using the Calphad method according to the experimental results of this study and those in the literature [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and the thermodynamic models of the three binary constituent systems [18][19][20].…”

Phase Diagrams and Their Applications in Pb‐Free Soldering

“…The most important ones include Sn-Ag [12], Sn-Au [13], Sn-Bi [14], Sn-Cu [15], Sn-In [16], Sn-Sb [12], Sn-Zn [14], Cu-In [16] and Ag-In [17]. show the phase diagrams of the systems mentioned above.…”

“…An example is given in During soldering, phase transformation and reactions occur that include melting of solders, dissolution of connecting substrates in the solder, formation of intermetallic compounds at interfaces, and solidification of molten solders [1,3,4,25]. The melting-point temperature is Figure 2.14 Phase diagram of the Sn-Bi binary system [14].…”

“…In addition, solders typically possess relative low melting temperatures, and solder joints are processed and operated in relative medium to high homologous temperatures. The local phase equilibrium approximation is thus generally valid for soldering systems [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. This local phase equilibrium approximation further extends the applications of equilibrium phase diagrams in Pb-free soldering.…”