Sn3.5Ag4Ti(Ce,Ga) active filler was used for joining alumina with alumina and alumina with copper at 250°C in air. The joining process was done without flux and without the need for pre-metallization of alumina or a protective atmosphere. After mechanical activation of the bonding surfaces of alumina and copper, the filler showed good wetting on both alumina and copper and led to a strong bond between alumina and copper. Through tensile testing, a bonding strength of 23.7 MPa was found in the alumina/copper joint region. The shear strengths for alumina/alumina, copper/copper and alumina/copper joints were 13.5, 14.3, and 10.2 MPa, respectively. The affinity of cerium for oxygen protects titanium from oxidation, giving rise to the reaction of titanium with alumina at such a low temperature. Electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) elemental mapping revealed that titanium segregates effectively at the alumina/solder interfaces. After aging tests at 200°C and 150°C, a double layer of Cu 3 Sn and Cu 6 Sn 5 intermetallic compound was formed at the solder/ copper interfaces. With an increase of aging periods, the amount of brittle compound in the joints increased and resulted in decreases in the shear strengths of the alumina/copper joints.

Structural evolution of poly(L-lactide) during cold-crystallization at 80°C was examined via simultaneous small/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The incipient α′ crystals of loosely packed 10 7 helices, formed at t c = 200 s as detected via both WAXS and FTIR, were hardly identifiable via SAXS or DSC due to its low values of density contrast or latent heat (initially ΔH α′ ≈ 12 J/g, gradually reaching 74 J/g near the end of crystallization, in contrast to ΔH α ≈ 140 J/g), was already large in lateral size (with coherence length Λ 200/110 ≈ 35 nm, increasing to 50 nm during t c = 200− 400 s and remained little changed afterward). Once formed, the α′ crystals underwent continuous and persistent perfection for decreasing lattice spacing and partially transformed to smaller α crystals (t c ≈ 800−1800 s, up to a saturated population ratio of 1:4 between α and α′ phases), followed by slower yet steady increases in SAXS invariant without significant changes in the α and α′ contents for t c > 1800 s. It is concluded that the α′ form is a transient structure of continuously increasing packing density and latent heat toward the α form, reminiscent of the mesomorphic phase as precursors to stable crystals in other polymers. Nevertheless, transformation to α crystals occurred when the lattice parameters of the α′ phase were closer but still finitely different from those of the α phase and that the conversion between the two phases was limited in this isothermal case. Both observations suggest that, in spite of the transient nature of the α′ phase, the final transformation step to the stable α form is still achieved via a first-order route. ■ INTRODUCTIONMelt-crystallization of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) is generally known to give α crystals consisting of two left-handed 10 7 helices in an orthorhombic unit cell with lattice parameters a = 10.8 Å, b = 6.2 Å, and c = 28.8 Å (space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 ) as the thermodynamically favored form. 1 However, there emerges a kinetically competitive α′ form at crystallization temperatures (T c ) below 120°C. 2 The α′ form comprises the same 10 7 helices yet with delicate differences in lateral packing. Compared to the α form with intense (200) α /(110) α reflection at scattering vector q = 1.18 Å −1 (d 200/110 = 5.31 Å), and (203) reflection at q = 1.35 Å −1 (d 203 = 4.65 Å) in room-temperature wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) profiles, the corresponding reflections of the α′ form are shifted to q = 1.16 Å −1 (d 200/110 = 5.41 Å) and 1.32 Å −1 (d 203 = 4.75 Å) while the weaker (210) and (103)/(004) reflections become extinct. 1,2These observations indicate expanded unit cell dimension (by ca. 2.4% in volume) and higher symmetry (i.e., presence of conformational disorder and interchain slippage) for the α′ phase. 1 It is then interesting to note the peculiar discontinuity of crystallization kinetics of PLLA around 110°C. 3−5 The maximum of spherulitic growth rate is located at ca. 130°C, bu...

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