Three‐Dimensional Self‐Supported Metal Oxides for Advanced Energy Storage

Abstract

The miniaturization of power sources aimed at integration into micro- and nano-electronic devices is a big challenge. To ensure the future development of fully autonomous on-board systems, electrodes based on self-supported 3D nanostructured metal oxides have become increasingly important, and their impact is particularly significant when considering the miniaturization of energy storage systems. This review describes recent advances in the development of self-supported 3D nanostructured metal oxides as electrodes for innovative power sources, particularly Li-ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors. Current strategies for the design and morphology control of self-supported electrodes fabricated using template, lithography, anodization and self-organized solution techniques are outlined along with different efforts to improve the storage capacity, rate capability, and cyclability.

A colloidoscope of colloid-based porous materials and their uses

“…One area that hasn't been fully developed is to pattern CBPM for electrode applications, which opens up a variety of interesting possibilities for hierarchical electrochemical cells, for example microbattery architectures. 468 Compared to hierarchical colloid-based materials, most other methods are either more expensive or offer less control. Much of this text has described the advantages of porous, high surface area structures in general; for example, nanostructured DSSC electrodes not based on colloids can have very high surface area.…”

Two-dimensional NiCo2O4nanosheet-coated three-dimensional graphene networks for high-rate, long-cycle-life supercapacitors

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] There are mainly two types of supercapacitors, i.e. electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) and pseudocapacitors.…”

Recent Progress in Self‐Supported Metal Oxide Nanoarray Electrodes for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…Besides, the insulated binders can increase the internal resistance of electrode and trigger a number of interfaces amid the electron transport path. On the contrary, the growth of the electroactive material directly on a conductive substrate in the form of nanostructure arrays eliminates the need for electrode additives and the additional step of slurry casting during electrode fabrication 19, 20. This new kind of electrode, namely, self‐supported nanoarray electrode, exhibits many inherent advantages over the conventional slurry‐cast electrode with respect to capacity, rate capability, and cyclability for LIBs (Figure 2b) in addition to the merits of increased gravimetric capacity associated with the binder‐free electrodes:

Nanostructured active materials: The time required for the intercalation of lithium ions within an electrode material ( τ 6 ) can be expressed as: where D represents the diffusion coefficient and λ represents the lithium ion diffusion length.

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“…Notably, the fabrication of self‐supported metal oxide nanoarray electrodes without the addition of binders and conductive additives (namely, binder‐free electrodes) provides unique benefits over slurry‐cast electrodes such as enhanced charge transfer efficiency and improved gravimetric capacity. Motivated by their extensive prospects, the design and fabrication of self‐supported metal oxide nanostructure arrays on conductive substrates have aroused extensive interest over last few years 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. In this regard, various conductive substrates, such as 2D planar substrates and 3D porous substrates, have been employed as the current collectors to construct novel nanoarray electrodes with high performance.…”