Ticks Ectoparasitic on Monkeys in the Kyasanur Forest Disease Area of Shimoga District, Mysore State, India

Trapido, Harold; Goverdhan, M.; Rajagopalan, P. K.; Rebello, M. J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1964.13.763

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This allowed us to consider the potential impact of transovarial transmission on the persistence of KFD. Both models included the assumption that adult ticks do not feed on primates and small mammals, based on previous data from Rajagopalan et al [ 46 ] and Trapido et al [ 47 ]. Therefore, infected small mammals and primates can infect only larvae and nymphs (thereby producing new cases of type-at-infection 2 and 3, respectively, ticks-infected-as-larvae and ticks-infected-as-nymphs).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

et al. 2023

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The risk of spillover of zoonotic diseases to humans is changing in response to multiple environmental and societal drivers, particularly in tropical regions where the burden of neglected zoonotic diseases is highest and land use change and forest conversion is occurring most rapidly. Neglected zoonotic diseases can have significant impacts on poor and marginalised populations in low-resource settings but ultimately receive less attention and funding for research and interventions. As such, effective control measures and interventions are often hindered by a limited ecological evidence base, which results in a limited understanding of epidemiologically relevant hosts or vectors and the processes that contribute to the maintenance of pathogens and spillover to humans. Here, we develop a generalisable next generation matrix modelling framework to better understand the transmission processes and hosts that have the greatest contribution to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases with the aim of improving the ecological evidence base and framing future research priorities for tick-borne diseases. Using this model we explore the relative contribution of different host groups and transmission routes to the maintenance of a neglected zoonotic tick-borne disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFD), in multiple habitat types. The results highlight the potential importance of transovarial transmission and small mammals and birds in maintaining this disease. This contradicts previous hypotheses that primates play an important role influencing the distribution of infected ticks. There is also a suggestion that risk could vary across different habitat types but currently more research is needed to evaluate this relationship. In light of these results, we outline the key knowledge gaps for this system and future research priorities that could inform effective interventions and control measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This allowed us to consider the potential impact of transovarial transmission on the persistence of KFD. Both models assume that adult ticks do not feed on primates and small mammals, based on previous data from (Rajagopalan et al, 1968) and (Trapido, Goverdhan, et al, 1964). Therefore, infected small mammals and primates can infect only larvae and nymphs (thereby producing new cases of type-at-infection 2 and 3, respectively, ticks-infected-as-larvae and ticks-infected-as-nymphs).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this model, we include an additional parameter Pb i as a proxy for the probability that a tick bite is on competent host i , which is proportional to the proportion of the competent host community that consists of host i . This parameter was also made life stage specific to account for the assumption that adult ticks do not feed on small mammals or primates (Rajagopalan et al, 1968; Trapido et al, 1964). For example, the number of birds infected by a tick that had been infected as a nymph would be described by Eq.1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

Hassall

Burthe

Schäfer

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The risk of spillover of zoonotic diseases to humans is changing in response to multiple environmental and societal drivers, particularly in tropical regions where the burden of neglected zoonotic diseases is highest and land use change and forest conversion is occurring most rapidly. In these regions, neglected zoonotic diseases can have significant impacts on poor and marginalised populations in low-resource settings but ultimately receive less attention and funding for research and interventions. As such, effective control measures and interventions are often hindered by a limited ecological evidence base, which results in a limited understanding of epidemiologically relevant hosts or vectors and the processes that contribute to the maintenance of pathogens and spillover to humans. Here, we develop a generalisable next generation matrix modelling framework to better understand the transmission processes and hosts that have the greatest contribution to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases with the aim of improving the ecological evidence base and framing future research priorities for tick-borne diseases. Using this model we explore the relative contribution of different host groups and transmission routes to the maintenance of a neglected zoonotic tick-borne disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFD). The results highlight the potential importance of transovarial transmission and small mammals and birds in maintaining this disease. This contradicts previous hypotheses that primates play an important role influencing the distribution of infected ticks. There is also a suggestion that risk could vary across different habitat types. In light of these results we outline the key knowledge gaps for this system and future research priorities that would aid in informing effective interventions and control measures.

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“…did not classify H. wellingtoni as a species that feed exclusively on Aves after the exclusion of exceptional hosts but this criterion is not applied here. Main references: Trapido et al (1964), Boshell and Rajagopalan (1968), Hoogstraal et al (1972), Rajagopalan (1972), Bhat and Sreenivasan (1981), Tanskul et al (1983), Xu and Li (1997), Parola et al (2003), Durden et al (2008), . Chilton, 1904: an Australasian species with all parasitic stages found on Struthioniformes: Apterygidae, while adults and nymphs have been detected on Anseriformes: Anatidae (Dumbleton 1953(Dumbleton , 1961Heath 2010;Swift et al 2015).…”

Section: Haemaphysalis Minutamentioning

confidence: 99%

Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution

Guglielmone¹,

Nava²

2017

FAVE Cs Vet

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SUMMARY.The relationship between birds (Aves) and hard ticks (Ixodidae) was analyzed for the 386 of 725 tick extant species whose larva, nymph and adults are known as well as their natural hosts. A total of 136 (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= all other genera) are frequently found on Aves, but only 32 species (1 associated with Palaeognathae, 31 with Neognathae) have all parasitic stages feeding on birds: 25 Ixodes (19% of the species analyzed for this genus), 6 Haemaphysalis (7%) and 1 species of Amblyomma (2%). The species of Amblyomma feeds on marine birds (MB), the six Haemaphysalis are parasites of non-marine birds (NMB), and 14 of the 25 Ixodes feed on NMB, one feeds on NMB and MB, and ten on MB. The Australasian Ixodes + I. uriae clade probably originated at an uncertain time from the late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. It is speculated that Prostriata first hosts were Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs in an undetermined place before Pangaea break up; alternatively, if ancestral monotromes were involved in its evolution an Australasian origin of Prostriata seems plausible. As for Prostriata the Motherland of Ixodida is probably Gondwana.RESUMEN. Aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae), con discusión sobre hipótesis sobre evolución de las garrapatas. En esta revisión se analizó la relación entre aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae) para las 386 de 725 especies de garrapatas que utilizan aves como hospedadores para larvas, ninfas y adultos. Un total de 136 especies (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= restantes géneros) son frecuentemente encontradas sobre aves, pero solo 32 especies (1 asociada con Palaeognathae, 31 con Neognathae) tienen ciclos donde todos los estadios se alimentan sobre aves: 25 Ixodes (19% de las especies analizadas para este género), 6 Haemaphysalis (7% del total) y 1 especie de Amblyomma (2% del total). Las especies de Amblyomma se alimentan sobre aves marinas (MB), las seis de Haemaphysalis son parásitas de aves no-marinas (NMB), y 14 de las 25 especies de Ixodes se alimentan sobre NMB, una sobre NMB y MB, y diez sobre MB. El clado de Australasia Ixodes + I. uriae probablemente se originó entre el fin del Triásico y comienzos del Cretácico. Se especula que los primeros hospedadores de Prostriata fueron dinosaurios terópodos con distribución Gondwánica; alternativamente, si monotremas ancestrales estuvieron involucrados en su evolución, un origen de Prostriata en Australasia es plausible. Al igual que para Prostriata, el área de origen de Ixodida es probablemente Gondwana.

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Ticks Ectoparasitic on Monkeys in the Kyasanur Forest Disease Area of Shimoga District, Mysore State, India

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

Using mechanistic models to highlight research priorities for tick-borne zoonotic diseases: Improving our understanding of the ecology and maintenance of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India

Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution

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