Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Inhibitory Effects against Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Human Oral Cavity Isolates of Rothia mucilaginosa, Georgenia sp. and Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Abstract

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial cells embedded in biofilm matrices can lead to the development of chronic cariogenesis. Here, we isolated and identified three Gram-positive MDR oral cocci, (1) SJM-04, (2) SJM-38, and (3) SJM-65, and characterized them morphologically, biochemically, and by 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis as Georgenia sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Rothia mucilaginosa, respectively. These three oral isolates exhibited antibiotic-resistance against nalidixic acid, tetracycline, cefuroxime, methicillin, and ceftazidime. Furthermore, these Gram positive MDR oral cocci showed significant (p < 0.05) variations in their biofilm forming ability under different physicochemical conditions, that is, at temperatures of 28, 30, and 42 °C, pH of 6.4, 7.4, and 8.4, and NaCl concentrations from 200 to 1000 µg/mL. Exposure of oral isolates to TiO2NPs (14.7 nm) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced planktonic cell viability and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner, which was confirmed by observing biofilm architecture by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Overall, these results have important implications for the use of tetragonal anatase phase TiO2NPs (size range 5–25 nm, crystalline size 13.7 nm, and spherical shape) as an oral antibiofilm agent against Gram positive cocci infections. We suggest that TiO2NPs pave the way for further applications in oral mouthwash formulations and antibiofilm dental coatings.

Benefits of Usage of Immobilized Silver Nanoparticles as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiofilm Factors

“…It was shown that the amount of biofilm mass decreased with an increasing concentration of nanoforms. Fatima et al [ 50 ] and Altaf et al [ 51 ] obtained similar results. Fatima et al [ 50 ] showed that exposure of oral bacterial strains ( Georgenia sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus , and Rothia mucilaginosa ) to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) significantly reduced biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner.…”

“…Fatima et al [ 50 ] and Altaf et al [ 51 ] obtained similar results. Fatima et al [ 50 ] showed that exposure of oral bacterial strains ( Georgenia sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus , and Rothia mucilaginosa ) to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) significantly reduced biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The presence of TiO 2 -NPs at concentrations of 8, 16, 32, and 64 μg/mL inhibited the development of the biofilm of P. aeruginosa PAO1, E. coli ATCC25922, and S. aureus MTCC3160 [ 51 ].…”

Review on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials: Bioimaging, Biosensing, Drug Delivery, Tissue Engineering, Antimicrobial, and Agro-Food Applications

“…For instance, gene therapy in which liposomes act as vectors has been used to treat corneal diseases [ 209 ], cardiovascular diseases [ 210 ], cystic fibrosis [ 211 ], and cancer [ 212 ]. In lung carcinoma, cancer with low survival rate, DOTAP:cholesterol liposomes were used to deliver the tumor suppressor gene FUS1 in mice harboring lung cancer xenografts [ 213 ]. Liposome–DNA complexes were synthesized using a simple mixing method.…”

Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Titanium Nanotubes Coated with Chitosan: A Promising Formulation with Sustained Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Properties

“…To overcome the limitations of conventional drugs, such as limited solubility (hydrophobic and water-insoluble), failure to selectively target the disease site, adverse effects, and undesirable pharmacodynamics, many studies have been conducted in recent years toward developing more effective drug delivery systems, highlighting the importance of a high level of biocompatibility, loading capacity, and unique structural properties [7,8]. Titanium (Ti) and its alloys, which are currently used in clinical surgeries, are promising candidates for this purpose, as they are extremely durable, nonreactive to human tissues (e.g., dental and bone), and incompatible with living tissue [9][10][11][12]. Despite these, they can neither form strong bonds with bone during the early stages of osseointegration, nor carry/deliver bioactive agents and provide sustained release.…”

“…Titanium (Ti) and its alloys, which are currently used in clinical surgeries, are promising candidates for this purpose, as they are extremely durable, nonreactive to human tissues (e.g., dental and bone), and incompatible with living tissue [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Despite these, they can neither form strong bonds with bone during the early stages of osseointegration, nor carry/deliver bioactive agents and provide sustained release.…”