Tobacco smoking decreases clinical symptoms of gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes—a cross‐sectional study

Abstract

Patients with type 1 diabetes smoking cigarettes presented lower gingival sulcus bleeding and worse metabolic control of diabetes than nonsmoking patients.

Influence of Chlorhexidine and Cetylpyridine on Periodontal Status and Indicators of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

“…AGEs are heterogeneous compounds mainly derived from the nonenzymatic glycation (Maillard reactions) of reducing sugar on proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. AGEs can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby initiating intracellular oxidative stress [ 22 ]. Conversely, the increase in ROS production can promote the production of AGEs, thereby forming a vicious circle between oxidative stress and AGEs [ 53 ].…”

“…Our previous study showed that infection in periodontal tissue disease might be one of the clinical manifestations of chronic inflammation in type 1 diabetes [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. It is also well established that chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress lead to an imbalance between the opportunistic bacteria of biofilm and the host immune response in the oral cavity environment, which results in inflammation and the possible destruction of periodontal tissue [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Research on the synergism of smoking and periodontal disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes

“…In 2018, Tarnowski made and interesting observation when comparing smokers with type 1 diabetes with non-smoker diabetic patients. BOP was lower in the smoker group, demonstrating the negative effect of smoking on microvascular circulation (108).…”