Topology Control for Energy-Efficient Localization in Mobile Underwater Sensor Networks Using Stackelberg Game

Abstract

The characteristics of mobile Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs), such as low communication bandwidth, large propagation delay, and sparse deployment, pose challenging issues for successful localization of sensor nodes. In addition, sensor nodes in UWSNs are usually powered by batteries whose replacements introduce high cost and complexity. Thus, the critical problem in UWSNs is to enable each sensor node to find enough anchor nodes in order to localize itself, with minimum energy costs. In this paper, an Energy-Efficient Localization Algorithm (EELA) is proposed to analyze the decentralized interactions among sensor nodes and anchor nodes. A Single-Leader-Multi-Follower Stackelberg game is utilized to formulate the topology control problem of sensor nodes and anchor nodes by exploiting their available communication opportunities. In this game, the sensor node acts as a leader taking into account factors such as 'two-hop' anchor nodes and energy consumption, while anchor nodes act as multiple followers, considering their ability to localize sensor nodes and their energy consumption. We prove that both players select best responses and reach a socially optimal Stackelberg Nash Equilibrium. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EELA improves the performance of localization in UWSNs significantly, and in particular the energy cost of sensor nodes. Compared to the baseline schemes, the energy consumption per node is about 48% lower in EELA, while providing a desirable localization coverage, under reasonable error and delay.

A Comprehensive Survey of the Recently Proposed Localization Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks

“…In [54], the authors propose an energy efficient localization algorithm that aims at achieving optimum tradeoff between energy consumption and localizability by devising strategies for sensor and anchored nodes to choose optimal transmission power levels for their transmissions. The scheme uses Stackelberg game theory based approach.…”

Geographic and Opportunistic Recovery with Depth and Power Transmission Adjustment for Energy-Efficiency and Void Hole Alleviation in UWSNs

“…The authors in [3,5,7,20] proposed topology control-based solutions. TCEB and GARM schemes are proposed for controlling the topology of UWSNs in [7,20], respectively.…”

“…The work [3] focuses on single-hop and multi-hop while the work [7] only focus on next forwarder node. The challenges that discussed in [3,5,7,20] are: high attenuation, mobility of sensor nodes, energy efficiency, low bandwidth, connectivity loss, high bit rate error, high deployment cost, complexities and optimal location of glider. Using dynamic topological strategy, work in [7] achieves energy efficiency and the work in [20] enhances both PDR and energy efficiency.…”

“…Localization in UWSNs is very important as it has many useful applications, e.g., target tracking, underwater environment monitoring, pollution control and geographic routing protocols. Nevertheless, UWSNs cannot use the Global Positioning System (GPS) due to high energy dissipation and high attenuation of RF signals [4,5].…”

Stackelberg Game-Theoretic Low Probability of Intercept Performance Optimization for Multistatic Radar System

“…However, the above game-theoretic resource management protocols ignore the presence of hostile intercept receiver. The Stackelberg game-theoretic model has been exploited in several research [21][22][23][24] to analyze the hierarchical competition with different optimization purposes. In [25], the authors formulate a MIMO radar and target Stackelberg game model in the presence of clutter, and various optimization criteria at Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) of target dominant and radar dominant are obtained, respectively.…”