Tuning the work function of polyaniline via camphorsulfonic acid: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation

Abdulrazzaq, Omar A.; Bourdo, Shawn E.; Saini, Viney; Watanabe, Fumiya; Barnes, Bailey; Ghosh, Anindya; Biris, Alexandru S.

doi:10.1039/c4ra11832d

Cited by 54 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…[33] In this context, the work function of PANI is around 4.5-4.8 eV depending on the doping state. [34] Therefore, the value of the onset potential for H 2 evolution around 0.1 V vs. RHE could be expected, although it can be improved until 0.3-0.4 eV. This sets a possible limitation for this system, although we believe that it can be counterbalanced due to the advantages that the use of PANI involves, in terms of simplicity and reproducibility of the synthetic method, as well as the tunability of the optical and electrical properties.…”

Section: Assembly Of Organic Photoelectrochemical (Opec) Devicesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electropolymerized polyaniline: A promising hole selective contact in organic photoelectrochemical cells

Belarb

Blas‐Ferrando

Haro

et al. 2016

Chemical Engineering Science

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Section: Assembly Of Organic Photoelectrochemical (Opec) Devicesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Electropolymerized polyaniline: A promising hole selective contact in organic photoelectrochemical cells

Belarb

Blas‐Ferrando

Haro

et al. 2016

Chemical Engineering Science

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“…The intensity for two bands were approximately equal, suggesting equal amounts of quinoid and benzenoid units within PANI. [38] It was noted that the PANI-EB had a quite different color to the doped PANIs ( Figure 1i). Moreover, the bands at 1101, 820, and 800 cm −1 were related to CC stretching, CH out-of-plane bending vibration, and CH aromatic stretching vibrations, respectively.…”

Section: Wwwadvelectronicmatdementioning

confidence: 98%

Doping Effect on Conducting Polymer‐Metal Schottky DC Generators

Shao

Fang

Wang

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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nitride (InN) nanowire energy harvesters [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] ; 2) triboelectric-based generators with multiple electrification pairs or a sliding Schottky nanocontact [15][16][17] ; 3) conducting polymer-metal Schottky diodes. [18,19] In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that a conducting polymer film when forming a Schottky contact with a metal (such as Al or Al alloy) can produce DC outputs under compressive deformations. [18,19] The devices showed a large energy density. They are easy to fabricate, offering great potential for applications in various self-powered electronic devices.Polyaniline (PANI) is a major conducting polymer possessing high conductivity and processing ability. [20] It has shown vast application potential in the fields of supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, EMI shielding, and gas separation. [21][22][23] PANI can be easily doped and de-doped. The dopant and doping state have a great effect on the electrical properties of PANI. [24] For example, PANI emeraldine base (PANI-EB), i.e., non-doped PANI, is almost nonconductive with an electrical resistivity as high as 10 10 Ω cm −1 . [25] The conductivity is largely enhanced when doped with a protonic acid. [26] The dopant effect was attributed to the change of PANI crystallinity, interchain distance, and energy bandgap, hence leading to change in chemical and physical properties (e.g., electrochemical, spectroscopic, and modulus). [24,27,28] However, how dopant affects the energy conversion property of PANI-metal Schottky diodes has not been reported in research literature.In this study, we have for the first time demonstrated the effect of dopants on the mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion behavior of a conducting polymer-metal Schottky power generator. PANI was used as a conducting polymer model, which was doped with four protonic acids; orthophosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), perchloric acid (HClO 4 ), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The dopants showed a great effect on energy conversion property. The device made of nondoped PANI only produced up to 1.5 mV and 0.55 nA cm −2 electrical outputs. The one from HCl-doped PANI generated much higher outputs (0.9 V and 33.9 µA cm −2 ) than those from PANI doped with other protonic acids. The change in electrical outputs was attributed to the effect of dopant on barrier height and conductivity. For Al/PANI-HCl/Au, the barrier height decreased significantly from 0.87 to 0.78 eV when the Conducting polymer-metal Schottky diodes show an interesting mechanical energy-to-electricity conversion ability to generate direct current (DC) power without rectification. However, little is reported about how dopants in conducting polymer affect the energy conversion behavior of Schottky diodes. In this study, a novel effect of dopants on mechanical energy-to-DC electricity conversion of conducting polymer-metal Schottky devices is demonstrated. Using polyaniline (PANI) as a model, conducting polymers doped with a series of protonic acids is prepared. Without dopant, the dev...

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“…The processable conducting polymers are generally prepared by aqueous colloidal dispersion in the presence of water‐soluble anion surfactants (acid dopants) and form ionic bonds with the acid dopants (Figure ) . Frequently used dopants include camphor sulfonic acid (CSA), p‐toluene sulfonic acid (p‐TSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), polyvinyl sulfonic acid (PVSA), poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) . Fluorosurfactant such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and poly(perfluoroethylene perfluoroethersulfonic acid) (PFFSA) can also be used as acid dopants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The doping level represents the extent of oxidation or reduction and thus primarily determines the electrical conductivity of the conducting polymer . The electrical conductivity increases as the doping ratio increases ( Figure ) . The doping level is generally controlled by the dopant concentration of the conducting polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting Polymers as Anode Buffer Materials in Organic and Perovskite Optoelectronics

Ahn

Jeong

Han

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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This review focuses on the importance and the key functions of anode interfacial layers based on conducting polymers in organic and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite optoelectronics. Insertion of a buffer layer between electrode and semiconducting layers is the most common and effective way to control interfacial properties and eventually improve device characteristics, such as luminous efficiency in light‐emitting diodes and power conversion efficiency in solar cells. Conducting polymers are considered as one of the most promising materials for future organic and organic–inorganic hybrid electronics because of advantages such as a simple film‐forming process and ease of tailoring electrical and physical properties; as a result, using these polymers is compatible with the production of large‐area, low‐cost, and solution‐processed flexible optoelectronic devices. This review introduces the limitations of anode buffer layers based on conducting polymers and then we will provide recent research trends of material engineering to overcome these problems.

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Tuning the work function of polyaniline via camphorsulfonic acid: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation

Cited by 54 publications

References 50 publications

Electropolymerized polyaniline: A promising hole selective contact in organic photoelectrochemical cells

Electropolymerized polyaniline: A promising hole selective contact in organic photoelectrochemical cells

Doping Effect on Conducting Polymer‐Metal Schottky DC Generators

Conducting Polymers as Anode Buffer Materials in Organic and Perovskite Optoelectronics

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