Ultra-deep Desulfurization of Gasoline with CuW/TiO₂–GO through Photocatalytic Oxidation

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) was co-modified with copper, tungsten, and titanium oxide. A photocatalytic reactor was used to investigate the performance of the resulting catalysts in the ultra-deep desulfurization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. The resultant samples were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption−desorption techniques. XRD analysis indicated the coexistence of TiO 2 , CuO, and WO 3 in the catalysts. The desulfurization rate, the refined oil yield, and the increase in the research octane number of FCC gasoline reached 100%, 99.4%, and 1.6 units, respectively, under suitable conditions of a metal content of 10.3%, a metal ratio of 0.7, a reaction temperature of 313 K, a reaction time of 1 h, a catalyst/gasoline ratio of 0.25, and an oxidant percent of 0.5%. The catalyst was active in the desulfurization reaction under ultraviolet irradiation and reused 3 times with no loss in activity.

Three-Dimensional Graphene Oxide Covalently Functionalized with Dawson-Type Polyoxotungstates for Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Fuels

“…5−7 Thus, it is practically important to develop non-hydrodesulfurization methods such as oxidative desulfurization (ODS), 8−10 extraction desulfurization, 11,12 adsorption desulfurization, 13,14 biological desulfurization, 15 and photocatalytic desulfurization. 16,17 Of these methods, ODS has emerged as a promising method for deep desulfurization of liquid fuels due to mild operating conditions and simple procedures.…”

“…SO X can also affect the exhaust gas converter of the automobile, potentially resulting in an increase in the discharge of other pollutants. − Thus, there is a need for deep desulfurization of liquid fuels. The widely used hydrodesulfurization method has some drawbacks that can limit its application such as harsh operating conditions, the requirement of high temperature and pressure, consumption of a large quantity of high purity hydrogen and highly active catalyst, and long reaction time. − Thus, it is practically important to develop non-hydrodesulfurization methods such as oxidative desulfurization (ODS), − extraction desulfurization, , adsorption desulfurization, , biological desulfurization, and photocatalytic desulfurization. , Of these methods, ODS has emerged as a promising method for deep desulfurization of liquid fuels due to mild operating conditions and simple procedures.…”

Science and Technology Progress on the Desulfurization Process of Crude Oil

“…The oxidation reaction could be hastened and facilitated by light irradiation, ultrasonication, electrochemical reaction, and plasma oxidation processes. In the light irradiation process, the oxidation of organosulfur compounds happened through a free‐radical mechanism; however, this technique is susceptive for hydrocarbon C─C bond cleavage 94 . Furthermore, very high light intensity is required to initiate the free‐radical mechanism; thus, it is not economically feasible for a large‐scale process 95 .…”

The Novel Z-Scheme Ternary-Component Ag/AgI/α-MoO3 Catalyst with Excellent Visible-Light Photocatalytic Oxidative Desulfurization Performance for Model Fuel

“…For example, during the process of PODS, when Pd/ZrO 2 -chitosan nanocomposite was used as a photocatalyst, thiophene could be photooxidized to the corresponding SO 3 and CO 2 under UV-vis light irradiation [5]. At present, in an attempt to remove ASCs in fuel, many photocatalysts including BiVO 4 -based [6,7,8,9], TiO 2 -based [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], graphene oxide or carbon nanotubes-based multicomposites [18,19,20] and phosphotungstic acid [21,22] have been used and showed good catalytic performances.…”