Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

Greenwald, Anthony G.; Poehlman, T. Andrew; Uhlmann, Eric Luis; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1037/a0015575

Cited by 2,622 publications

(2,429 citation statements)

References 189 publications

Supporting

110

Mentioning

2,185

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Faster responses when Black and Bad (and White and Good) required the same key press, as compared to the reverse, reflect more anti-Black (or pro-White) implicit attitudes (Greenwald et al, 2009). Implicit bias was computed according to the D measure (Greenwald et al, 2003).…”

Section: Implicit Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Leitner

Hehman

Ayduk

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tRationale: Research suggests that, among Whites, racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes. However, little is known about whether racial bias predicts ingroup health outcomes among minority populations. Objective: The aim of the current research was to understand whether racial bias predicts negative ingroup health outcomes for Blacks. Method: We compiled racial bias responses from 250,665 Blacks and 1,391,632 Whites to generate county-level estimates of Blacks' and Whites' implicit and explicit biases towards each other. We then examined the degree to which these biases predicted ingroup death rate from circulatory-related diseases. Results: In counties where Blacks harbored more implicit bias towards Whites, Blacks died at a higher rate. Additionally, consistent with previous research, in counties where Whites harbored more explicit bias towards Blacks, Whites died at a higher rate. These links between racial bias and ingroup death rate were independent of county-level socio-demographic characteristics, and racial biases from the outgroup in the same county. Conclusion: Findings indicate that racial bias is related to negative ingroup health outcomes for both Blacks and Whites, though this relationship is driven by implicit bias for Blacks, and explicit bias for Whites.

show abstract

Section: Implicit Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Leitner

Hehman

Ayduk

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Importantly, these cognitions can have a strong impact on physiological responses [35] and behavior [36]. Measures of implicit cognition aim to provide an index of an attitude or cognition without requiring a participant's awareness or conscious access to the attribute under investigation [37,38].…”

Section: Implicit Cognition and Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and avoidance in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: The role of implicit and explicit anxiety

Dimaro

Dawson

Roberts

et al. 2014

Epilepsy & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examined implicit and explicit anxiety in individuals with epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) and explored whether these constructs were related to experiential avoidance and seizure frequency. Based on recent psychological models of PNESs, it was hypothesized that nonepileptic seizures would be associated with implicit and explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance. Explicit anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; implicit anxiety was measured by an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; and experiential avoidance was measured with the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Although both groups with epilepsy and PNESs scored similarly on implicit measures of anxiety, significant implicit-explicit anxiety discrepancies were only identified in patients with PNESs (p b .001). In the group with PNESs (but not in the group with epilepsy), explicit anxiety correlated with experiential avoidance (r = .63, p b .01) and frequency of seizures (r = .67, p b .01); implicit anxiety correlated with frequency of seizures only (r =.56,p b .01). Our findings demonstrate the role of implicit anxiety in PNESs and provide addi-tional support for the contribution of explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance to this disorder.

show abstract

“…Differences in the speed of correct responses in each condition serve as a proxy for how tightly the concepts are associated in the participant's mind 31. Faster responses in condition 1 than condition 2 indicate a stereotypical association of men with strength and women with weakness—the greater the time differences between the 2 conditions, the stronger the implicit association 44. The risk‐taking IAT was procedurally the same, except that it measured implicit gender bias on “takes risk versus avoids risk.”…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists

Daugherty

Blair

Havranek

et al. 2017

JAHA

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundPhysicians' gender bias may contribute to gender disparities in cardiovascular testing. We used the Implicit Association Test to examine the association of implicit gender biases with decisions to use cardiovascular tests.Methods and ResultsIn 2014, cardiologists completed Implicit Association Tests and a clinical vignette with patient gender randomly assigned. The Implicit Association Tests measured implicit gender bias for the characteristics of strength and risk taking. The vignette represented an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease regardless of patient gender: chest pain (part 1) followed by an abnormal exercise treadmill test (part 2). Cardiologists rated the likelihood of coronary artery disease and the usefulness of stress testing and angiography for the assigned patient. Of the 503 respondents (9.3% of eligible; 87% male, median age of 45 years, 58% in private practice), the majority associated strength or risk taking implicitly with male more than female patients. The estimated likelihood of coronary artery disease for both parts of the vignette was similar by patient gender. The utility of secondary stress testing after an abnormal exercise treadmill test was rated as “high” more often for female than male patients (32.8% versus 24.3%, P=0.04); this difference did not vary with implicit bias. Angiography was more consistently rated as having “high” utility for male versus female patients (part 1: 19.7% versus 9.8%; part 2: 73.7% versus 64.3%; P<0.05 for both); this difference was larger for cardiologists with higher implicit gender bias on risk taking (P=0.01).ConclusionsCardiologists have varying degrees of implicit gender bias. This bias explained some, but not all, of the gender variability in simulated clinical decision‐making for suspected coronary artery disease.

show abstract

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

Cited by 2,622 publications

References 189 publications

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit

Anxiety and avoidance in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: The role of implicit and explicit anxiety

Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About