Updates on the Management of Epistaxis

Abstract

Epistaxis (i.e., nosebleed) is a common otolaryngologic emergency; however, it is seldom life-threatening and most minor nosebleeds stop on their own or under primary care from medical staff. Nonetheless, cases of recurrent epistaxis should be checked by an otolaryngologist, and severe nosebleeds should be referred to the emergency department to avoid adverse consequences, including hypovolemic shock or death. This paper reviews current advances in our understanding of epistaxis as well as updated treatment algorithms to assist clinicians in optimizing outcomes.

Epistaxis: a retrospective clinical study

“…Posterior epistaxis arises from damage to posterior nasal septal artery. 6 In a study by Shah et al anterior epistaxis was more common (69.29%) than posterior type (21.05%). 12 Pandey et al in their study also observed that anterior nasal bleed occurred in 37 of 42 cases.…”

“…Epistaxis is estimated to occur in 60% of population worldwide during their lifetime and about 6% of those with nose bleeds seek medical treatment. 6 The present hospital based observational study was thus planned to observe the clinical profile of patients with epistaxis, its varied etiologies and management strategies.…”

“…Generally, males are more affected than females until the age of 50, but after 50, there was no difference between sexes in the literature. [6][7][8] In a study by Shah et al epistaxis was found to affect more males than females, with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1.14. Jain et al also observed that males are affected more than females, with a male to female ratio of 2.9:1.12.…”

“…12 Trauma is the commonest etiology for epistaxis as shown in various other studies of developing countries. 6,11 This trauma varied from minor injury such as digital trauma to nasal injury from road traffic injury. The nose is highly susceptible in craniofacial injury.…”

Clinicopathological profile and treatment outcomes of patients presenting with epistaxis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Southern railway headquarters hospital, Chennai

“…Epistaxis is expected to affect sixty per cent of people globally at some point in their lives, and only about six per cent of those who experience nasal bleeding take medical assistance. 3,4 Children with <10 years of age show an increased prevalence, which further again increases after thirty-five years. 4,5 In general, males are affected slightly more compared to females until fifty years of age, ABSTRACT Background: Epistaxis (nose-bleed) is one of the commonest emergencies presenting to an otolaryngological emergency that affects up to sixty per cent of the population in their lifetime; in this, six per cent needs medical care.…”