Using a CMOS camera sensor for visible light communication

Undersampled differential phase shift on-off keying for optical camera communications

“…A rolling shutter image sensor captures a picture by scanning the scene vertically or horizontally rather than recording the entire scene at a single instant. Because most CMOS image sensors arrange pixels in rows, and those rows are activated sequentially in one exposure, the rolling shutter effect may lead to a skewed image when capturing a moving object [6] . In a MIMO system as shown in Fig.…”

“…Demodulation of OCC is more challenging than that of non-imaging VLC systems. Several modulation techniques have been proposed for OCC in recent years [6][7][8][9][10][11] . First, PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) were proposed and demonstrated for OCC [9,10] .…”

Decoding methods in LED-to-smartphone bidirectional communication for the IoT

“…The board is powered by a 3.7 V polymer lithium battery, rechargeable through USB. Following the recommendations of previous studies [1], [8], a simple OOK modulation scheme is used. We consider a symbol rate varying from 6 kHz to 10 kHz, which is a suitable transmission rate for receivers using the rolling shutter effect [1].…”

“…On the other hand, previous works demonstrate the possibility of receiving information through visible light using an unmodified smartphone thanks to its camera [1].…”

Multiple speaker localization and identification through multiple camera and visible light communication

“…Many applications of optical camera communications (OCC) have been developed for vehicular technology such as vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and infrastructure to vehicle (I2V) and positioning applications [3]. Most of the existing OCC systems have been deployed for fixed lighting and receivers [4], [5], [6]. Recently, a novel approach has been proposed in order to overcome the mobility of the receiver and/or transmitter which has been named as region of interest [7].…”