“…In Brazil, crack cocaine use is associated with concomitant severe psychiatric comorbidities such as alcohol use disorder, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorder, and suicidal ideation Narvaez et al, 2014a;Paim Kessler et al, 2012;Zubaran, Foresti, Thorell, Franceschini, & Homero, 2010). When compared with the general population, crack cocaine users present higher rates of unemployment, homelessness, exposure to violence, prostitution, and risky sexual behaviors, with elevated rates of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis (Narvaez et al, 2014b;Pinto, Tancredi, Buchalla, & Miranda, 2014;Santos Cruz et al, 2013;Vernaglia, Vieira, & Cruz, 2015;von Diemen, De Boni, Kessler, Benzano, & Pechansky, 2010). Crack cocaine use is also associated with school dropout, illegal activities, incarceration, and mortality (Dunn & Laranjeira, 1999;Narvaez et al, 2015;Ribeiro, Dunn, Laranjeira, & Sesso, 2004;Ribeiro, Dunn, Sesso, Dias, & Laranjeira, 2006;Ribeiro, Sanchez, & Nappo, 2010;Santos Cruz et al, 2013).…”