Vaccines for COVID-19: Where do we stand in 2021?

Sharma, Ketaki; Koirala, Archana; Nicolopoulos, Katrina; Chiu, Clayton; Wood, Nicholas; Britton, Philip N

doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2021.07.001

Cited by 79 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…When the viral dose on the receiving end is larger, this may impact the host's immunity against the virus [ 18 ]. Recent studies indicate that the current vaccines developed against the spike protein of the initial virus maintain a variable degree of efficacity against different variants [ 19 ]. Even for the Delta variant, it appears that the spike protein remains relatively stable although some minor modifications may occur.…”

Section: Mutations and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Covid-19 in the face of emerging virus variants, breakthrough infections and vaccine hesitancy

Haque

Pant

2022

Journal of Autoimmunity

119

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The emergence and rapid global spread of the new Delta and, more recently, Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 pose a daunting public health emergency. Being an RNA virus, the Covid-19 virus is continuing to mutate, resulting in the emergence of new variants with high transmissibility, such as the recently discovered Omicron variant. In this paper, we consider the conditions that may facilitate viral mutations and the emergence of variants with the ability to evade immunity. Here, we have discussed the importance of vaccination with the currently available vaccines. These vaccines are highly effective at preventing serious disease, hospitalization, and death from Covid-19. However, the antibody response induced by these vaccines is short-lasting and there are reports of breakthrough infections. A stable and persistent interaction between T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells is needed for robust B cell memory response. We discussed the potential reasons behind the breakthrough infections and underscored the importance of developing better second-generation vaccines that may not necessitate frequent booster immunizations and are preventive in nature. This may involve the development of multivalent vaccines and creating vaccines against other viral proteins including conserved proteins. Vaccine hesitancy remains a notable hurdle for implementing vaccination. Furthermore, we recommend different approaches to increase vaccine acceptance, which is a critical translational component of a successful vaccine strategy. These perspectives on overcoming the pandemic's current challenges provide strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 globally.

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Section: Mutations and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigating Covid-19 in the face of emerging virus variants, breakthrough infections and vaccine hesitancy

Haque

Pant

2022

Journal of Autoimmunity

119

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“…The vaccine is composed of antigens and viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 that will generate an immune response and requires 3 vaccine doses, 0.5 mL each, over the course of 2 months [140,141].…”

Section: Zifivaxmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects

Zieneldien

Kim

Cao

et al. 2021

Biology

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It has been over a year since SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. To curb the spread of the virus, many therapies and cures have been tested and developed, most notably mRNA and DNA vaccines. Federal health agencies (CDC, FDA) have approved emergency usage of these S gene-based vaccines with the intention of minimizing any further loss of lives and infections. It is crucial to assess which vaccines are the most efficacious by examining their effects on the immune system, and by providing considerations for new technological vaccine strategies in the future. This paper provides an overview of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with their mechanisms of action, current technologies utilized in manufacturing of the vaccines, and limitations in this new field with emerging data. Although the most popular COVID-19 vaccines have been proven effective, time will be the main factor in dictating which vaccine will be able to best address mutations and future infection.

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“…Luckily, in 2021 the world has entered a new phase of the pandemic due to the approval of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, such as those based on mRNA and viral vectors technology [84]. As of early August 2021, about 31% of the world population has received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and about 23% is fully vaccinated, but in low-income countries, only 1% of people have received at least one dose [85].…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BNT162b2 (Pfizer; BioNTech) was the first COVID-19 vaccine to be approved in children aged > 12 years, then also Moderna's mRNA-1273 was approved for those who are 12 years of age or older. Approval for mRNA vaccines administration from 6 years of age is being awaited for the next autumn, which will be of pivotal importance in achieving global herd immunity, preventing complications such as MIS-C, and reducing infection spread in children caused by more virulent variant strains that could potentially emerge [84]. Vaccination programs in high income countries have opened a phase of coexistence with SARS-CoV-2, allowing governments to start releasing people from mitigation measures, including in healthcare facilities.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic respiratory diseases other than asthma in children: the COVID-19 tsunami

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects all components of the respiratory system, including the neuromuscular breathing apparatus, conducting and respiratory airways, pulmonary vascular endothelium, and pulmonary blood flow. In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A minority of children experience a post-infectious inflammatory syndrome, the pathology and long-term outcomes of which are poorly understood. The reason for the lower burden of symptomatic disease in children is not yet clear, but several pathophysiological characteristics are postulated. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought distinct challenges to the care of children globally. Proper recommendations have been proposed for a range of non-asthmatic respiratory disorders in children, including primary ciliary dyskinesia and cystic fibrosis. These recommendations involve the continuation of the treatment during this period and ways to maintain stability. School closures, loss of follow-up visit attendance, and loss of other protective systems for children are the indirect outcomes of measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 has reshaped the delivery of respiratory care in children, with non-urgent and elective procedures being postponed, and distancing imperatives have led to rapid scaling of telemedicine. The pandemic has seen an unprecedented reorientation in clinical trial research towards COVID-19 and a disruption in other trials worldwide, which will have long-lasting effects on medical science. In this narrative review, we sought to outline the most recent findings on the direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on pediatric respiratory chronic diseases other than asthma, by critically revising the most recent literature on the subject.

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Vaccines for COVID-19: Where do we stand in 2021?

Cited by 79 publications

References 69 publications

Mitigating Covid-19 in the face of emerging virus variants, breakthrough infections and vaccine hesitancy

Mitigating Covid-19 in the face of emerging virus variants, breakthrough infections and vaccine hesitancy

COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects

Chronic respiratory diseases other than asthma in children: the COVID-19 tsunami

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