Validation of the TOSCA-3 Among Chinese Young Adults

Abstract

In this study, we translated into Chinese the Test of Self-Conscious Affect Version 3 (TOSCA-3) and examined the reliability and validity using 3 independent samples of Chinese young adults. The Chinese version (TOSCA-3C) showed acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability in all its subscales except for the 2 pride scales. Shame-proneness was found to be positively correlated with trait shame, state anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. Shame-proneness was found to be negatively correlated with self-esteem. Guiltproneness was not correlated with any of the measurements. Shame-proneness was also a significant predictor of depression symptoms 2 weeks after the first assessment for depressive symptoms, with self-esteem as a full mediator of this relationship.

The Efficacy of Naikan Therapy on Male Offenders: Changes in Perceived Social Support and Externalized Blame

“…Thus, offenders are less likely to fake. The test-retest reliability of the Externalization subscale was 0.81 (Gao et al, 2013). The internal consistency of the Externalization subscale in the present study was 0.93.…”

Shame and self-esteem: A meta-analysis

“…In Feiring's study, the horizontal line/CI almost touched the value of 0 so that the p -value (.047) was close to .05. The forest plot shows that study 2 by Gao et al (2013) and Simonds et al (2016) have wide plot lines. The plotline indicates a wider CI, which means that the study has low precision.…”

“…A summary of quality assessments of 18 studies that had been screened showed that 14 studies have high quality and four studies of medium quality. Four studies of medium quality were two studies of Gao, Qin, Qian, and Liu (2013) , Wood, Byrne, Burke, Enache, and Morrison (2017) , and Yelsma, Brown, and Ellison (2002) . The quality of the study medium is due to not fulfilling random sampling criteria, participant anonymity, non-prospective study designs, and sampling from various sites.…”

Early relational trauma and self representations: Misattributing externally derived representations as internally generated.

“…Shame, rather than guilt proneness, has been found to relate to psychopathology (Tangney, Wagner, & Gramzow, 1992). The Chinese version of TOSCA has been developed and showed acceptable reliability (Gao, Qin, Qian, & Liu, 2013).…”