Varying Levels of Starch in Calf Milk Replacers

Huber, J.T.; Natrajan, S.; Polan, C.E.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(68)87128-0

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the reduction in faecal DM content with increasing intake of SP did only lead to a significant reduction in daily gain for the GS and MT treatment. Although the study was not designed to measure a response in daily gain, a reduction in growth (Huber et al, 1968;Natrajan et al, 1972), as a result of fermentation instead of digestion, was expected. The lower daily gain for the MT treatment is associated with a greater numerical decrease in faecal DM content in time, but not with faecal pH.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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Calf milk replacers (MR) commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. For economic reasons, starch is of interest as a lactose replacer. Compared with lactose, starch digestion is generally low in calves. It is, however, unknown which enzyme limits the rate of starch digestion. The objectives were to determine which enzyme limits starch digestion and to assess the maximum capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves. A within-animal titration study was performed, where lactose was exchanged stepwise for one of four starch products (SP). The four corn-based SP differed in size and branching, therefore requiring different ratios of starch-degrading enzymes for their complete hydrolysis to glucose: gelatinised starch (α-amylase and (iso)maltase); maltodextrin ((iso)maltase and α-amylase); maltodextrin with α-1,6-branching (isomaltase, maltase and α-amylase) and maltose (maltase). When exceeding the animal's capacity to enzymatically hydrolyse starch, fermentation occurs, leading to a reduced faecal dry matter (DM) content and pH. Forty calves (13 weeks of age) were assigned to either a lactose control diet or one of four titration strategies (n = 8 per treatment), each testing the stepwise exchange of lactose for one SP. Dietary inclusion of each SP was increased weekly by 3% at the expense of lactose and faecal samples were collected from the rectum weekly to determine DM content and pH. The increase in SP inclusion was stopped when faecal DM content dropped below 10.6% (i.e. 75% of the average initial faecal DM content) for 3 consecutive weeks. For control calves, faecal DM content and pH did not change over time. For 87% of the SP-fed calves, faecal DM and pH decreased already at low inclusion levels, and linear regression provided a better fit of the data (faecal DM content or pH v. time) than non-linear regression. For all SP treatments, faecal DM content and pH decreased in time (P < 0.001) and slopes for faecal DM content and pH in time differed from CON; P < 0.001 for all SP), but did not differ between SP treatments. Faecal DM content of SP-fed calves decreased by 0.57% and faecal pH by 0.32 per week. In conclusion, faecal DM content and pH sensitively respond to incremental inclusion of SP in calf MR, independently of SP characteristics. All SP require maltase to achieve complete hydrolysis to glucose. We therefore suggest that maltase activity limits starch digestion and that fermentation may contribute substantially to total tract starch disappearance in milk-fed calves.Keywords: milk-fed calf, starch digestion, starch fermentation, maltose, maltodextrin ImplicationsCalf milk replacers commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. Lactose is expensive compared with starch, but digestibility is lower for starch than for lactose. It is currently unknown which enzyme is rate limiting for starch digestion. The current study suggests that maltase limits starch digestion in milk-fed calves, indicating that a major part of the starch will undergo fermentation rather than enzymatic hydrolysis. This leads to a lower faecal q...

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Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starch digestion has been studied in calves, and total tract digestibility varies from 63% to 95% (Huber et al, 1968;Burt and Irvine, 1970;Nitsan et al, 1990). Ileal disappearance of lactose averaged 97% of intake, whereas ileal disappearance of starch averaged 60% of intake in calves (Coombe and Smith, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Gilbert

Borne

Berends

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…The inclusion of sorghum flours or lyse small quantities of starch at any one time, and starches in milk replacers for calves resulted in poor this led Mayes & 0rskov (1974) to propose that live weight gains, diarrhoea and reduced digesti-starch may be better utilized if given in small bility (Dollar & Porter, 1957;Raven & Robinson, quantities, more frequently. Some improvement in 1964; Van Weerden, Spronk & Van Hellemond, starch utilization has been reported when the starch 1967; Huber, Natrajan & Polan, 1968). The effects was heat treated and/or supplemented with suitable mentioned above were related to the low levels of enzymes (Huber et al 19616; Mathieu & Thivend, pancreatic amylase and intestinal maltase activities 1968).…”

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confidence: 99%

Utilization of partially hydrolysed starch in milk replacers by newborn lambs

Soliman¹,

Ørskov²,

Atkinson³

et al. 1979

J. Agric. Sci.

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SummaryThree experiments were carried out to study the effect of replacing milk carbohydrates and part of the milk fat in milk with partially hydrolysed starch (Protamyl 110). Male and female cross-bred lambs (Suffolk × (Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn)) were used in these experiments. They were weaned from their dams after having received colostrum at 1–2 days of age. The experimental diets were given at room temperature, in eight aliquots, at 3-h intervals through an automated feeding unit. The level of feeding was 1·05 MJ/kg0·75 live weight/day.In the first experiment, the diets were formulated to contain 28, 17 and 55% of their gross energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat respectively. Diet 1 contained glucose, while diets 2, 3 and 4 had 33, 67 and 100% of glucose respectively replaced by Protamyl. There were no significant differences in growth rate and food utilization between levels of starch inclusion.In Expt 2, the maximum Protamyl that could be incorporated in lamb milk replacers was examined. Four experimental diets were prepared so that 17 and 55; 25 and 47; 33 and 39; and 41 and 31% of their gross energy was supplied by Protamyl or butter fat respectively. It was found that up to 33% of the gross energy of the diet (41% of the dry matter) could be replaced with Protamyl without adverse effects on lamb performance. When the level of inclusions was increased to 41% of the gross energy (49% of the dry matter), lamb performance was depressed, particularly during the first 15 days of the experiment.In Expt 3, a direct comparison was made between Protamyl and lactose. The two diets used were similar in composition to diets 1 and 4 in Expt 1, except that lactose was used as a control instead of glucose. There were no differences in growth rate or food utilization as a result of replacing lactose with Protamyl.The results are discussed in relation to the development of carbohydrases in new born ruminants.

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“…Liang et al (1967) suggested that milk-fed calves are able to utilize starch as a source of energy by microbial degradation. Including starch into MR has been previously reported to reduce daily gains in Holstein calves (Huber et al, 1968;Nitsan et al, 1990). The calves had reduced daily gains irrespective of the amount of amylopectin or corn starch in the MR: however, this was measured in calves of 3 weeks of age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

Pluschke

Gilbert

Williams

et al. 2016

Animal

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Replacing dairy components from milk replacer (MR) with vegetable products has been previously associated with decreased protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves resulting in lower live weight gain. In this experiment, the major carbohydrate source in MR, lactose, was partly replaced with gelatinized corn starch (GCS) to determine the effect on protein and fat digestibility in milk-fed calves. In total, 16 male Holstein-Friesian calves received either MR with lactose as the carbohydrate source (control) or 18% GCS at the expense of lactose. In the adaptation period, calves were exposed to an increasing dose of GCS for 14 weeks. The indigestible marker cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was incorporated into the MR for calculating apparent nutrient digestibility, whereas a pulse dose of chromium (Cr) chloride was fed with the last MR meal 4 h before slaughter as an indicator of passage rates. The calves were anesthetized and exsanguinated at 30 weeks of age. The small intestine was divided in three; small intestine 1 and 2 (SI1 and SI2, respectively) and the terminal ileum (last~100 cm of small intestine) and samples of digesta were collected. Small intestinal digesta was analysed for α-amylase, lipase and trypsin activity. Digestibility of protein was determined for SI1, SI2, ileum and total tract, whereas digestibility of fat was determined for SI1, SI2 and total tract. Apparent protein digestibility in the small intestine did not differ between treatments but was higher in control calves at total tract level. Apparent crude fat digestibility tended to be increased in SI1 and SI2 for GCS calves, but no difference was found at total tract level. Activity of α-amylase in SI2 and lipase in both SI1 and SI2 was higher in GCS calves. Activity of trypsin tended to be higher in control calves and was higher in SI1 compared with SI2. A lower recovery of Cr in SI2 and a higher recovery of Cr in the large intestine suggest an increased rate of passage for GCS calves. Including 18% of GCS in a milk replacer at the expense of lactose increased passage rate and decreased apparent total tract protein digestibility. In the small intestine, protein digestion did not decrease when feeding GCS and fat digestion even tended to increase. Overall, effects on digestion might be levelled when partially replacing lactose with GCS, because starch digestion is lower than that of lactose but fat digestion may be slightly increased when feeding GCS.

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Varying Levels of Starch in Calf Milk Replacers

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves

Utilization of partially hydrolysed starch in milk replacers by newborn lambs

The effect of replacing lactose by starch on protein and fat digestion in milk-fed veal calves

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