Voltammetry Determination of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) at Bismuth Film Electrode Combined with 8-Hydroxyquinoline as a Complexing Agent

Abstract

A novel method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) based on the cathodic stripping response at a bismuth film electrode associated with oxine as a chelating agent. The developed method provided a high and sharp electrochemical response compared with the method without oxine. A linear response of peak currents was observed for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) concentration in the range from 2 ppb to 110 ppb. The detection limits of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) were 0.45, 0.17, and 0.78 ppb, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) in lake-water and river-water samples. The metals were detected at the ultratrace level, showing the feasibility of the proposed method for environmental applications.

Disposable and Low-Cost Electrode Based on Graphene Paper-Nafion-Bi Nanostructures for Ultra-Trace Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

“…The detection and quantification limits were 0.08 and 0.29 ppb for Pb(II) and 0.07 and 0.24 ppb for Cd(II), respectively, with a linear detection range from 10 ppb to 70 ppb [33]. Mau Thanh proposed a glassy carbon electrode modified by in-situ co-deposition of bismuth and 8-hydroxyquinoline as chelating agent, obtaining detection limits for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) of 0.45, 0.17 and 0.78 ppb, respectively, in the range from 2 ppb to 110 ppb [34].…”

“…These facts lead to costly electrodes. Thus, an increasing demand for low-cost, sensitive and user friendly electrodes still exists, despite the efforts of the scientific community [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Novel Type of Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode Modified by Sb2O3 for Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+

“…Bi and Sb have the ability to cover different substrates, e. g. pencil lead [8], gold [9], carbon paste [10], and screen printed carbon (SPC) with thin coatings [11]. For the preparation of antimony film electrodes, there are three procedures including ex-situ plating and in-situ plating to plate the film on the electrode surface or adding insoluble antimony oxides to the bulk of carbon paste [12][13][14][15].…”

Nafion-Assisted Electrophoretic Deposition and Its Application in Bismuth Film Electrodes for Metal Ion Detection

“…1−6 The advantages of BFEs, including high sensitivity, remarkable peak resolution, and insensitivity to dissolved O 2 in solutions, make them attractive. 7,8 To design BFEs, supporting electrode materials with low ohmic resistance, chemical and electrochemical inertness, low background current (high signal-tonoise ratio), and reproducible response are crucial to achieve high and stable sensitivity for metal ion detections. 9,10 Three general strategies of modifying the substate and forming BFEs are widely used: (1) preplating, which involves the electrochemical reduction of Bi(III) ions to a Bi film before the BFE is transferred to the sample solution; 11−13 (2) in situ plating, by adding Bi(III) ions into the sample solution in advance, whereby Bi(III) ions and metal ions can be simultaneously electrochemically reduced to form a Bi film during the preaccumulation stage of stripping voltammetry; 14,15 (3) designing bulk coating electrodes with Bi nanoparticles or Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles, 16−18 where Bi 2 O 3 can be reduced to metallic Bi at a potential of approximately −1.0 V so that a Bi film can be generated on the electrode surface according to the following reaction.…”

“…Because negligible toxicity is always desired in environmentally friendly practical applications, bismuth film electrodes (BFEs) are strongly suggested as an alternative to mercury electrodes for the detection of metal ions by stripping voltammetry. − The advantages of BFEs, including high sensitivity, remarkable peak resolution, and insensitivity to dissolved O 2 in solutions, make them attractive. , To design BFEs, supporting electrode materials with low ohmic resistance, chemical and electrochemical inertness, low background current (high signal-to-noise ratio), and reproducible response are crucial to achieve high and stable sensitivity for metal ion detections. , …”