Vortex-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Analysis of Alkyl Gallates in Vegetable Oils

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of using hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent (DES) as green and effective extractant for the extraction and preconcentration of alkyl gallates from vegetable oils. In a typical experiment, 120 µL of choline chloride:ethylene glycol DES was added to 1.0 g of oil sample which was previously diluted with 1 mL of n-hexane. The extraction was accelerated by vortex stirring of the two phases. At this stage, hydrogen bonding interactions between the phenyl hydroxyls of alkyl gallates and chloride anion of choline salt were likely the main forces driving the extraction. After extraction, the analytes in the DES phase were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The method detection limits for propyl gallate and octyl gallate were 2.1 and 4.6 µg kg -1 , respectively. The precision of the method varied between 4.6-6.4% (intra-day) and 5.4-7.5% (inter-day). The recoveries (accuracies) obtained from spiked vegetable oil samples were in the range of 78-106%.

Progressing Ultragreen, Energy-Efficient Biobased Depolymerization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) via Microwave-Assisted Green Deep Eutectic Solvent and Enzymatic Treatment

“…The FTIR spectrum of the prepared DES showed the formation of new bonds at 1668.38 and 1624.66 cm −1 compared to the FTIR spectra of pure urea, glycerol, and ChCl. The C=O linkage frequency peak at 1677 cm −1 of urea was shifted to lower side at 1668 cm −1 , indicating the formation of more hydrogen bonds, and the N–H stretching frequency of urea at 3427.12 cm −1 was masked by the O–H stretching peak [ 42 ]. The C–O stretching peak of glycerol at 1043.55 cm −1 was also shifted to higher wavenumber in the DES, indicating the successful formation of DES.…”

Endosülfan ve Metabolitlerinin Su Örneklerinde Vorteks Destekli Sıvı-Sıvı Mikro Ekstraksiyon ve Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografi Kullanılarak Analizi

“…Hassasiyeti arttırmak için, ekstraksiyon çözücüsünün hacmini mümkün olduğunca düşük tutmak önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, çözücü hacmini istenen şekilde azaltmak her zaman mümkün değildir, çünkü kromatografik analiz için santrifüjlemeden sonra yeterli hacimde çözücünün toplanması gerekir [14]. Çözücü hacmi için optimal miktarı bulmak amacıyla, 200, 300 ve 400 µL farklı solvent hacimlerini içeren deneyler, aynı ekstraksiyon koşulları altında gerçekleştirilerek elde edilen sonuçlar Şekil 5'te verilmiştir.…”

A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes

“…eutectic solvents in the development of analytical methods. Specifically in the analysis of oils, the eutectic solvents have been used in the quantification of hexanal and heptanal [152], alkyl gallated [153], oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids [154], ferulic, caffeic and cinnamic acids [155], sesamol [156], tert-butylhydroquinone [157][158][159], chlorophenol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-cresol, 4chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [160] and bisphenol A [161]. The eutectic solvents have been also applied in analytical methods to quantify organic compounds in tea, fruit juices and milk.…”

“…In the analysis of food and drinks, the eutectic solvents have been applied in the quantification of As seen, the determination of organic compounds in food is the most relevant application of eutectic solvents in the development of analytical methods. Specifically in the analysis of oils, the eutectic solvents have been used in the quantification of hexanal and heptanal [152], alkyl gallated [153], oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids [154], ferulic, caffeic and cinnamic acids [155], sesamol [156], tert-butylhydroquinone [157][158][159], chlorophenol, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-cresol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [160] and bisphenol A [161].…”