Wheat and barley biology: Towards new frontiers

Schnurbusch, Thorsten

doi:10.1111/jipb.12782

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Wheat is the most widely grown crop around the globe and ranks second in importance to rice for food (FAOSTAT, ). It is the second most important food crop in China (Ud Dowla et al , ) and yet, in comparison with rice and maize, wheat is under‐explored (Schnurbusch, ). Clearly, there is a need to increase yield in the face of a world population increasing from the current 7.5 billion to 9 billion by 2050, and this is with the unprecedented challenges posed by climate change with its increased risk of drought (Hochholdinger, ; Hochman et al , ; Ud Dowla et al , ), concerns regarding the need to reduce N‐fertilizer use (Zörb et al , ) and increasing disease risk (Gautam et al , ; Zhang et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin dehydrogenase: a genetic target for yield improvement in wheat

Chen

Zhao

Song

et al. 2019

Plant Biotechnology Journal

113

131

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J.S.)) and (Tel +64 275553582; email paula.jameson@canterbury.ac.nz (P.E.J.)) SummaryThe plant hormone group, the cytokinins, is implicated in both qualitative and quantitative components of yield. Cytokinins have opposing actions in shoot and root growth-actions shown to involve cytokinin dehydrogenase (CKX), the enzyme that inactivates cytokinin. We revise and provide unambiguous names for the CKX gene family members in wheat, based on the most recently released wheat genome database, IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 & v2.0. We review expression data of CKX gene family members in wheat, revealing tissue-specific gene family member expression as well as sub-genome-specific expression. Manipulation of CKX in cereals shows clear impacts on yield, root growth and orientation, and Zn nutrition, but this also emphasizes the necessity to unlink promotive effects on grain yield from negative effects of cytokinin on root growth and uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly Zn and Fe. Wheat is the most widely grown cereal crop globally, yet is under-research compared with rice and maize. We highlight gaps in our knowledge of the involvement of CKX for wheat. We also highlight the necessity for accurate analysis of endogenous cytokinins, acknowledging why this is challenging, and provide examples where inadequate analyses of endogenous cytokinins have led to unjustified conclusions. We acknowledge that the allohexaploid nature of bread wheat poses challenges in terms of uncovering useful mutations. However, we predict TILLING followed by whole-exome sequencing will uncover informative mutations and we indicate the potential for stacking mutations within the three genomes to modify yield components. We model a wheat ideotype based on CKX manipulation. 614

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin dehydrogenase: a genetic target for yield improvement in wheat

Chen

Zhao

Song

et al. 2019

Plant Biotechnology Journal

113

131

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“…Wheat is one of the most economically important cereal crops [ 1 ]. It can be cultivated in a wide range of environmental conditions and is rich in nutrition components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different sets of TaCKX genes affect yield-related traits in wheat plants grown in a controlled environment and in field conditions

et al. 2020

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Background TaCKX wheat gene family members (GFMs) encode the enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), which irreversibly degrades cytokinins. The genes are important regulators of cytokinin content and take part in growth and development, with a major impact on yield-related traits. The goal of this research was to test whether these genes might be differentially expressed in the field compared to laboratory conditions and consequently differently affect plant development and yield. Results We compared expression and crosstalk of the TaCKX GFMs and TaNAC2-5A gene in modern varieties grown in a growth chamber (GC) and in the field and looked for differences in their impact on yield-related traits. The TaNAC2-5A gene was included in the research since it was expected to play an important role in co-regulation of these genes. The range of relative expression levels of TaCKX GFMs and TaNAC2-5A gene among tested cultivars was from 5 for TaCKX8 to more than 100 for TaCKX9 in the GC and from 6 for TaCKX8 to 275 for TaCKX10 in the field. The range was similar for four of them in the GC, but was much higher for seven others and TaNAC2-5A in the field. The TaCKX GFMs and TaNAC2-5A form co-expression groups, which differ depending on growth conditions. Consequently, the genes also differently regulate yield-related traits in the GC and in the field. TaNAC2-5A took part in negative regulation of tiller number and CKX activity in seedling roots only in controlled GC conditions. Grain number and grain yield were negatively regulated by TaCKX10 in the GC but positively by TaCKX8 and others in the field. Some of the genes, which were expressed in seedling roots, negatively influenced tiller number and positively regulated seedling root weight, CKX activity in the spikes, thousand grain weight (TGW) as well as formation of semi-empty spikes. Conclusions We have documented that: 1) natural variation in expression levels of tested genes in both environments is very high, indicating the possibility of selection of beneficial genotypes for breeding purposes, 2) to create a model of an ideotype for breeding, we need to take into consideration the natural environment.

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“…The grass family includes several agriculturally and economically important species including rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley. Developmental and genetic pathways controlling the shape of inflorescence architecture and development in these important crops have been reviewed briefly [27,28,38,39,40]. All grass inflorescences have a characteristic basal structural unit, the spikelet, composed of one to several florets depending upon the species [6].…”

Section: Inflorescence Morphology and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and Molecular Control of Floral Organ Identity in Cereals

Ali

Raza

Atif

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Grasses represent a major family of monocots comprising mostly cereals. When compared to their eudicot counterparts, cereals show a remarkable morphological diversity. Understanding the molecular basis of floral organ identity and inflorescence development is crucial to gain insight into the grain development for yield improvement purposes in cereals, however, the exact genetic mechanism of floral organogenesis remains elusive due to their complex inflorescence architecture. Extensive molecular analyses of Arabidopsis and other plant genera and species have established the ABCDE floral organ identity model. According to this model, hierarchical combinatorial activities of A, B, C, D, and E classes of homeotic genes regulate the identity of different floral organs with partial conservation and partial diversification between eudicots and cereals. Here, we review the developmental role of A, B, C, D, and E gene classes and explore the recent advances in understanding the floral development and subsequent organ specification in major cereals with reference to model plants. Furthermore, we discuss the evolutionary relationships among known floral organ identity genes. This comparative overview of floral developmental genes and associated regulatory factors, within and between species, will provide a thorough understanding of underlying complex genetic and molecular control of flower development and floral organ identity, which can be helpful to devise innovative strategies for grain yield improvement in cereals.

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Wheat and barley biology: Towards new frontiers

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Cytokinin dehydrogenase: a genetic target for yield improvement in wheat

Cytokinin dehydrogenase: a genetic target for yield improvement in wheat

Different sets of TaCKX genes affect yield-related traits in wheat plants grown in a controlled environment and in field conditions

Genetic and Molecular Control of Floral Organ Identity in Cereals

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