Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Unvaccinated Populations, Brazil, 2008–2009

Romano, Alessandro; Costa, Zouraide Guerra Antunes; Ramos, Daniel; Andrade, María Auxiliadora; Jayme, Valéria de Sá; Almeida, Marco Antônio Barreto de; Vettorello, Kátia Campomar; Mascheretti, Melissa; Flannery, Brendan

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002740

Cited by 90 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Sporadic human cases in Brazil have been attributed to the sylvatic cycle of transmission since 1942, when the urban cycle was eradicated from the country by massive vaccination of the population. Mato Grosso is considered a risky area for outbreaks, and vaccination is recommended (13) (14) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus 4 in Aedes aegypti from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cruz

Serra

Santos

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus 4 in Aedes aegypti from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cruz

Serra

Santos

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Until the 1990s, the transmission area in Brazil was primarily limited to the Amazon forest, Northern, and the Savanna-like cerrado and Center-West region. Now, the several reports stated that, in about two decades, the YFV territory has been progressively expanded southward and eastward to the Atlantic forest and other biomes from the country's most populated regions [11,12]. During this boundary expansion, five viral sub-lineages (1A to 1E) successively arose within the genotype I.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Yellow Fever Outbreak in Global Perspective is Serious and of Great Concern

Swapnil¹,

Meena²,

Kumar³

et al. 2017

Epidemiology

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Yellow fever virus (YFV) is belonging to flaviviridae family which was identified as the causative agent of Yellow fever (YF), acute viral hemorrhagic disease which was first time notified by International health regulation (IHR), globally. Initially YF considered to partial control for decades but now increasing globally with the risk of local epidemic outbreaks. This review represents the occurrence of YF diseases in the 21 th century and the remotely sensed satellite data are used to define climatic limits within a discriminant analytical model frame work. The study also shows the potentially co-occurrence and global epidemiology of risk maps for this disease in Africa and South East Asia in the framework of the ecological and historical forces. The aim of this study is to portray attention to this rising epidemic and to provide force for the necessary public health response.

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“…There were 22 no abnormalities in ZIKV-negative women [2]. Lastly, the complete ZIKV genome was 23 recovered from the brain of a fetus with microcephaly aborted by an expectant mother 24 infected during the 13 th week of gestation [7], and the CDC reported on two newborns 25 from Brazil with microcephaly who died shortly after birth and two miscarriages, all 26 tested positive for ZIKV [8]. In addition to the epidemiological evidence, newly 27 developed mouse models of ZIKV have demonstrated that ZIKV strains from French…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…No official stance on delaying pregnancy has been 57 taken for unexposed women. Problematically, the public is receiving a mixed message, arboviruses vectored by Aedes aegypti (i.e., chikungunya virus, CHIKV) [22][23][24][25][26].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Zika virus infection during pregnancy by timing conception seasonally

Martinez

2016

Preprint

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It has come to light that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in transplacental transmission to the fetus along with fetal death, congenital microcephaly and/or Central Nervous System (CNS) malformations. There are projected to be > 9, 200, 000 births annually in countries with ongoing ZIKV transmission. In response to the ZIKV threat, options to the full extent of the law" [14]. The CDC has issued recommendations for 54 ZIKV-exposed individuals to delay trying to get pregnant. Exposed women and exposed 55 asymptomatic men are recommended to wait 8 weeks, and men with symptoms are 56 recommended to wait 6 months [15]. No official stance on delaying pregnancy has been 57 taken for unexposed women. Problematically, the public is receiving a mixed message, susceptibily to infection, host/vector infectiousness, virus viability, the 86 transmssion-relevant contact rate among hosts/vectors, the density of hosts, and vector 87 abundance [16,21,27]. 88Aedes aegypti has seasonal variation in its ability to facilitate flavivirus transmission 89 because its abundance and competence as a vector are affected by temperature and 90 rainfall [28,29]. Using data from Puerto Rico-one of the U.S. locations with ongoing cohorts. This is because births are seasonal across human populations, and there is a 100 distinct birth pulse in most countries/regions that varies geographically in its seasonal 101 timing [31,32]. Fig 1b shows the birth seasonality in Puerto Rico, with the birth peak 102 from August-October. Due to birth seasonality, the percent of pregnancies experiencing 103 a specific trimester is not evenly distributed throughout the year (Fig 1d). For any 104 given country, the timing of the seasonal birth pulse, relative to the ZIKV transmission 105 season, will therefore determine the fraction of pregnancies at risk for maternal infection 106 and congenital ZIKV. For example, if a country has a birth pulse where sensitive 107 gestational periods coincide with the ZIKV season, more pregnancies in that country 108 will be at risk than elsewhere. Fortunately, if access to contraceptives and family 109 planning practices are proactively targeted for intervention, then the birth pulse could 110 be intentionally shifted and amplified regionally to minimize the risk of intrauterine 111 ZIKV infection for entire birth cohorts.

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Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Unvaccinated Populations, Brazil, 2008–2009

Cited by 90 publications

References 29 publications

Natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus 4 in Aedes aegypti from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus 4 in Aedes aegypti from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

The Yellow Fever Outbreak in Global Perspective is Serious and of Great Concern

Preventing Zika virus infection during pregnancy by timing conception seasonally

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