Bionanotechnology has emerged up as integration between biotechnology and nanotechnology for developing biosynthetic and environmental friendly technology for synthesis of nanomaterials. Silver has been known to have effective bactericidal properties for centuries. Nowadays, silver based topical dressings have been widely used as a treatment for infection in burns, open wounds, and chronic ulcer. As the pathogenic organisms are getting evolved day by day due to mutation and gaining antibiotic resistance, an important industrial sector of nanoscience deals with the preparation and study of nanoparticles in antibacterial clothing, burn ointments, and coating for medical device. The size of nanomaterials is much smaller than that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterials can be useful in both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research application. The purpose of the study is to synthesize and characterize the plant mediated silver nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea and Solanum nigrum. Further investigation of the shape and size of nanoparticle was done by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies. A silver nanoparticle at different concentration was assessed for its antibacterial effect, against various nosocomial pathogens.

Genetic diversity in drug metabolism and disposition is mainly considered as the outcome of the inter-individual genetic variation in polymorphism of drug-xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme (XME). Among the XMEs, glutathione-S-transferases (GST) gene loci are an important candidate for the investigation of diversity in allele frequency, as the deletion mutations in GST M1 and T1 genotypes are associated with various cancers and genetic disorders of all major Population Affiliations (PAs). Therefore, the present population based phylogenetic study was focused to uncover the frequency distribution pattern in GST M1 and T1 null genotypes among 45 Geographically Assorted Human Populations (GAHPs). The frequency distribution pattern for GST M1 and T1 null alleles have been detected in this study using the data derived from literatures representing 44 populations affiliated to Africa, Asia, Europe, South America and the genome of PA from Gujarat, a region in western India. Allele frequency counting for Gujarat PA and scattered plot analysis for geographical distribution among the PAs were performed in SPSS-21. The GST M1 and GST T1 null allele frequencies patterns of the PAs were computed in Seqboot, Gendist program of Phylip software package (3.69 versions) and Unweighted Pair Group method with Arithmetic Mean in Mega-6 software. Allele frequencies from South African Xhosa tribe, East African Zimbabwe, East African Ethiopia, North African Egypt, Caucasian, South Asian Afghanistan and South Indian Andhra Pradesh have been identified as the probable seven patterns among the 45 GAHPs investigated in this study for GST M1-T1 null genotypes. The patternized null allele frequencies demonstrated in this study for the first time addresses the missing link in GST M1-T1 null allele frequencies among GAHPs.

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This is the first work that describes the development of an enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor for the multiplex detection of Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps) by using thionine-labeled anti-Ah and ferrocene-labeled anti-Ps as redox probe, respectively, with zeolitic imidazolate framework/gold nanoparticle composite as a platform. The platform was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltammetric methods. The sandwich immunoassay was developed and applied for the detection of A. hydrophila and P. aeruginosa separately as well as simultaneously. The individual linear ranges of detection and limits of detection of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila are from 10 1 to 10 5 CFU/mL and 10 1 to 10 7 CFU/mL and 3.53 CFU/mL and 3.61 CFU/mL, respectively. Similarly, the linear ranges and limits of detection for multiplex detection of A. hydrophila and P. aeruginosa are 10 1 to 10 3 CFU/mL and 10 1 to 10 5 CFU/mL and 3.60 CFU/mL and 8.095 CFU/mL, respectively. The sandwich immunoassay has the ability to detect A. hydrophila in contaminated fish tissues and P. aeruginosa in milk and juice samples.