Objective. To study the influence of constipation in the anamnesis, diet as risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children, after bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate , cleansing enemas or with combination of both. Patients and methods. Children (1 year – 17 years 11 months) were referred for routine colonoscopy to two children's hospitals in Moscow and were randomly assigned three types of preparation for the research. Exclusion criteria were the need for an emergency colonoscopy, kidney disease, or colectomy. All patients were prescribed low-fiber diet during three days before the procedure. Endoscopists did not know about the method of preparation and evaluated the effectiveness of preparation according to the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS ), noting the maximum depth of insertion of device (intubation of the cecum, ileum, etc.). Tolerability of methods and adherence of diet were assessed using the questionnaire for patients, as well as by the incidence of undesirable effects. The BBPS of ≥2 in 3 segments of the colon (left, transverse, right) was considered satisfactory, while BBPS <2 in more than 1 segment was considered unsatisfactory. Results. 440 children (mean age 12 years) were randomly assigned to bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate (n = 135), cleansing enemas (n = 79) or combination (n = 226) . The satisfactory result of preparation was achieved in 127 (94.1%) patients in the bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate group, in 71 (90%) in the group with cleansing enemas and in 201 (89%) using the combined method (BBPC value for bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate 7.0 (6.0–8.0), Cleansing enemas 7.0 (5.0–8.0), Combination 6.5 (6.0–8.0), p = 0.009). Analysis of logistic regression showed that age, body mass index and the presence of a diagnosis of constipation in the anamnesis did not affect (p > 0.05)to success of achieving the satisfactory result of bowel preparation in all groups (p > 0.05). However, constipation was associated with depth of insertion and intubation of the cecum and/or terminal ileum, which was 6.8 times less likely in patients with constipation (OR = 0.146; 95% CI: 0.036–0.602, p = 0.014). In patients who followed the diet, inadequate bowel preparation was observed with a probability of 7.4 times less (OR = 0.135; 95% CI: 0.053–0.345, p < 0.001). In children who followed the dosage, the probability of inadequate bowel preparation was also 7.393 times lower, regardless of the method of preparation (OR = 0.135; 95% CI: 0.053–0.345, p < 0.001). Frequency of undesirable effects between the groups was almost the same, there was no statistically significant difference (sodium picosulfate 29%, cleansing enemas 27%, combination 39%, p = 0.03). Conclusion. The results of our study show that in children without constipation on diet and adequate doses of medicines makes it easier to tolerate preparation, qualitatively prepare the intestines and conduct full colonoscopy. We consider that these criteria are the most important for bowel cleansing and the quality of the colonoscopy performed in children, regardless of the methods of colon preparation. Key words: colonoscopy, children, pediatrics, preparation

Modern endoscopic solutions in pediatric practice and topical issues of pediatric gastroenterology with the use of new endoscopic technologies are discussed. Attention is drawn to the need for the use of existing modern endoscopic and gastroenterological protocols for the diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the creation of new protocols for the most common nosological forms; the role of correct and high-quality endoscopic and pathomorphological interpretation of the data obtained for the verification of the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases is emphasized.

Study Objective: to investigate the association of dyspepsia and heartburn in school-age children. Study Design: A continuous epidemiological screening of heartburn and dyspepsia in school-age children was carried out using a single- point (transverse) method. Material and Methods. A total of 328 children were examined (163 boys and 165 girls, mean age 12.4 years). Heartburn was determined according to the recommendations of the international pediatric consensus on gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dyspepsia was diagnosed in accordance with the pediatric section of the Rome IV criteria. Study Results. The prevalence of dyspepsia syndrome was 14.0%, heartburn — 10.4%. Increasing age in children was a risk factor for dyspepsia. The frequency of heartburn was registered in 39.1% of patients with dyspepsia and only in 5.7% of those without dyspepsia (p < 0.001). The prevalence of overlap syndrome of dyspepsia and heartburn in school-age children was 5.5%. Conclusion. The association of heartburn and dyspepsia in school-age children is a real problem that requires the attention of practitioners. Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, overlap syndrome, children.

Objective of the Review: To analyze current data on eosinophilic lesions of the stomach in children with the analysis of a clinical case. Key points. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with primary tissue eosinophilia are a heterogeneous group of changes characterized by inflammation, with predominantly eosinophilic tissue infiltration in the absence of other known causes. Clinical manifestations of allergic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are most often nonspecific. Depending on the level of the lesion, eosinophils are distinguished: gastritis (EoG), enteritis, and colitis. In recent years, more and more attention of experts has been directed to research in this area, but so far there are no general epidemiological data on the prevalence of this pathology in the population, both adults and children. Conclusion. Currently, there are no clear morphological criteria for diagnosing eosinophilic lesions of the stomach, small and large intestine in children, and clinical manifestations, especially in young children, are nonspecific. When making a diagnosis of EoG, it is necessary to take into account a family allergic history, a set of laboratory diagnostic data (eosinophilia in a clinical blood test and a high level of total IgE) and a morphological study of a biopsy of the gastric mucosa. Keywords: children, eosinophilic gastritis, eosinophilia, tissue eosinophilia, food allergy.