The immune system provides resistance of the organism against bacterial and viral infections in the body of the poultry. In the intestinal mucosa of eymeria it was secrete metabolic products, that are toxic to various systems and tissues of turkeys. Eymeria, parasitizing in the gut, inhibit specific phase of immunity presented by antibodies (humoral type), reduce the activity of sensitized cells (cell type), slow down nonspecific phase of immunity, represented by various immune cells. The rapid and complete recovery of functional state of the immune system in turkeys, affected by eymeriozic invasion it was found if brovitatoxide was given if the aggregate of the fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain group of flavius lignans named «Sylimaryn», acting immune stimulatory for the development of secondary immuno deficiencies state of body.
Varroosis is one of the most dangerous and common diseases of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) worldwide, caused by gamasid mites of the species Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000. This external parasite is widespread and adapted to the climate conditions of most countries of the world, and it can infect bees at any life stage. It parasites on worker bees, male and queen bees, larvae and pupae, feeding on their hemolymph and fat bodies, causing lower survival rates and lower density of bee colonies, decreasing the bees’ life span. Here, we studied the specifics of the seasonal variation of female V. destructor mites, obtained from honey bees, by the morphological characters of mites belonging to the summer and winter generations, and their differences were established. Using the methods of multivariate statistics, we found significant differences between the summer (June–July) and winter (October–November) morphotypes of V. destructor mites. There are differences between the seasonal samples by 12 morphological characters of the parasite, namely the width of dorsal shield, width of dorsoventral shield, number of pores on sternal shield, length of tarsus and macrochaeta IV, and distances between setae of gnathosoma. Processing the seasonal samples of mites with discriminant analysis resulted in differences by 11 morphological characters including the length of dorsal shield, number of lancet setae, length and width of genitoventral shield, width of anal shield, number of setae and pores on sternal shield and distance between setae of gnathosoma. In general, the summer females are smaller and elongated compared to winter females, with larger genitoventral shield and shorter legs. The mites of summer and winter generations are adapted to different seasons: the summer mites to the reproductive period, the winter generation to overwintering on bees. The ratio of morphotypes in female V. destructor mites is observed to change during the year, from 20.2% winter morphotype in summer generation to 20.7% summer morphotype in winter mites. Studying the influence of acaricides on the distinguished morphotypes is a promising approach to improve pest control measures against varroosis of honey bees.
The aim of the study was to determine the state of the dogs' immune system in experimental toxocariasis. The work was performed during 2017-2020 at the Department of Parasitology and Ichthyopathology in Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv. The 12 dogs aged 2 to 4 months were used for research studies. Two groups were formed of six animals in each: control and experimental. Puppies of the experimental group (E) were infected with the causative agent of toxocariasis at a dose of 5000 invasive eggs of Toxocara canis per kg of body weight. The control puppies were clinically healthy. At the clinical display of toxocariasis invasion at dogs the cellular, humoral and nonspecific links of the immune system are suppressed and the secondary immunodeficiency comes. Suppression of cellular immunity was accompanied by a decrease in the T- and B-lymphocytes count in the blood of dogs of the (E) group, which indicates the suppression of the lymphoid immune system and a reduction in the resistance of animals. Along with the fall in cellular immunity in infected puppies, suppression of the nonspecific immune system was established, which is manifested by a decline in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and a decrease in the phagocytic index. Thus, on the 15th and 20th days of the test, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils reduced to 1.6 and 3.9 %, while the phagocytic index – to 5.4 and 6.9 %, respectively. In the study of antimicrobial activity of serum of infected dogs, T. canis found inhibition of bactericidal and lysozyme activity, which reflects the suppression of the physiological state of the humoral immune system of animals with the development of toxocariasis. On the 25th day of the research, a deccline in BABS to 24.0 ± 2.7 %, while in the (C) group of dogs this figure was 30.6 ± 1.9 %. The lowest LABS was on the 25th day of the (E) in animals that were experimentally infected with the pathogen toxocariasis, where compared with the (C) group, this figure decreased by 6.0 %, respectively. The high level of CIC in the serum of dogs infected with T. canis indicates the suppression of the immune system of their body due to the accession of specific antibodies to the products of metabolism of toxocara, which act as antigens.
У статті наведені дані щодо впливу «Ампролінсилу» і бровітакокциду на активність ферментів у сироватці крові за еймеріозної інвазії. Показано, що після застосування бровітакокциду за лікування індиків, уражених еймеріозною інвазією, настає поступова нормалізацію активності амінотрансфераз і фосфатаз у сироватці крові. Так, активність ензиму АлАТ у крові індиків на 3-ю добу залишалася в 2 рази вищою від контрольної групи. Вона дещо знизилася на 5-у добу, проте навіть на 10-у добу була на 19,4% вищою за нормальних величин. Активність АсАТ у сироватці крові хворих індиків на 3-ю добу була на 61,9% вищою, а на 5-у добу на 54,8% вищою, ніж в нормі. На 10-у добу активність АсАТ у індиків, яких лікували бровітакокцидом, була на 10,8% вище, ніж у клінічно здорових індиків. Мала величина коефіцієнта АсАТ/АлАТ протягом досліду вказує на вищу активність АлАТ у сироватці крові і дещо нижчу активність АсАТ. Навіть на 5-у добу в сироватці крові індиченят, яких лікували бровітакокцидом, величина коефіцієнта АсАТ/АлАТ складала 2,68 ± 0,04 од. проти 2,84 ± 0,02 од., що вказує на те, що активність АлАТ нормалізується повільніше, ніж активність АсАТ. Крім цього, унаслідок підвищеної проникності клітинних оболонок у сироватці крові хворих індиків, активність ЛДГ була на 12,2%, а ГГТ – на 29,7% вищою від клінічно здорової птиці. Зниження активності вказаних ензимів у сироватці крові індиків відбувалося поступово на 3- і 5-у доби лікування. У крові хворих індиків встановлено низьку активність каталази – на 34,2% нижче, ніж у клінічно здорової птиці. На 10-у добу активність даного ензиму була ще низькою порівняно з показником контрольної групи тварин. За лікування індиків, уражених еймеріозною інвазією, «Ампролінсилом» відзначено швидку нормалізацію активності ензимів у сироватці крові. Активність амінотрансфераз на 3-ю добу лікування залишалася на високому рівні АсАТ була на 56,6%, а АлАТ на 57,2% вищою, ніж у здорової птиці. Активність ензимів значно знизилась на 5-у добу і нормалізувалася на 10-у добу досліду. Величина коефіцієнта АсАТ/АлАТ поступово вирівнювалася і на 10-у добу співвідношення між амінотрансферазами у сироватці крові індиків було в межах нормальної величини. Коефіцієнт АсАТ/АлАТ був умежах фізіологічних величин на 5-у добу досліджень. Це вказує на те, що відбувається стабілізація проникності як зовнішньої клітинної оболонки гепатоцитів, так і внутрішніх мітохондріальних мембран. У індиків, яких лікували «Ампролінсилом», у сироватці крові нормалізувалася активність ензимів фосфорилювання – ГГТ на 5-у добу, ЛДГ на 10-у добу досліду. Краща нормалізація активності печінкових ензимів у сироватці крові індиків, лікованих «Ампролінсилом», порівняно з бровітакокцидом, зумовлена наявністю розторопші плямистої, в плодах якої міститься флаволігнан «Силімарин», що проявляє гепатопротекторну дію та відновлює цілісність клітинних мембран гепатоцитів.
Eymeriosis (coccidiosis) is a protozoal disease of a poultry characterized by inhibition, loss of appetite, thirst, diarrhea, often with blood, anemia, nervous phenomena. Diseases are registered in the world everywhere, including in Ukraine. Regardless of its type eymeriosis is one of the most serious technological diseases of farm birds in developed countries. Sick animals excreted with oocysts, which are the source of invasion, and contaminated by them feed, water, litter, equipment of livestock buildings, objects of care, etc. are the factors of transmission. Infection with coccidia occurs in an elementary way by swallowing an oocyst with water or food. The results of the study of the des-invasive effect of the Bi-des preparation on oocysts of chicken eimery are presented. In the formulation of the proposed disinfectant, as ADR included: PGMG-hydrochloride and triamine and auxiliaries substances – cocamidopropyl-betaine and glutamic acid as well. Due to which this pharmaceutical combination has a cleansing effect. Researches of the effect of the «Bi-des» preparation on the process of sporulation of the oocyst E. tenella was carried out at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% with exposition of one, two, three and four hours. It was found that the preparation of 1% concentration with exposition of three and four hours caused the death of almost half of the oocyst eimery (44.98 and 47.9%). Sufficiently high oocystocidal effect (62.7–79.9%) were found at 2% disinfectant concentration with different exposition regimes. 3 hours exposition caused 100% lysis oocyst eimeria of chicken. It was established that using the preparation caused visible destructive changes of morphology of the simplest and led to the static effect on the sporulation of the oocyst.
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