Snow is understood to limit wildlife movements, often being the most important determinant of winter movement for animals in the boreal forest. However, the combined effect of snow and temperature on the movement ecology of animals at high latitudes is less understood. We used GPS-collar data from a small population of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads, 1898) in northeastern Alberta, Canada to develop a series of generalized additive mixed models characterizing the effect of cumulative snow depth, daily change in snow depth, and temperature on movement rates. Our most supported model included cumulative snow depth, temperature, and day of winter. Bison movements decreased in the first 75 days of winter during snow accumulation, and dramatically increased in the final 14 days of winter during snow melt. Cumulative snow depth, not daily change in snow depth, reduced wood bison movement rates, and movement rates increased more rapidly in warmer temperatures than in temperatures below -6.4 °C. By quantifying both the direction and magnitude of snow and temperature’s effects on bison movement, our study fills critical knowledge gaps relating to the winter movement ecology of wood bison and contributes to a growing body of knowledge informing their conservation in the Anthropocene.

or Résumé: The proposed paper explores challenges associated with the creation of open educational resources (OER) for Canadian copyright education. Tensions include modeling best practices for open content licensing in copyright-related material, balancing narrative engagement with precise information on a complex subject, creating content for multiple audiences, and the use of open tools for the creation of accessible, adaptable materials. This case study outlines tactics for addressing these tensions, such as balancing a commitment to openness with a focus on engagement, discovery of easy-to-use multimedia tools for adding interactivity, and embracing perspectives outside legal and academic experts during content creation.

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