The number of electrical vehicles (EVs) on the road has increased in recent years, including battery-electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV). This mode of transportation is expected to eventually replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, based on current trends. Each key EV component integrates several technologies that are either currently in use or have the potential to become prominent in the future. Environmental, power systems, and other industries may be adversely affected by electric vehicles (EVs). With sufficient EV penetration, the current power system could be subjected to severe instabilities; nevertheless, with proper management and coordination, EVs can significantly contribute to the success of the smart grid concept. Moreover, EVs have the potential to significantly cut transportation-related emissions of greenhouse gases. However, there are still considerable barriers that EVs must overcome before they can completely replace ICEs. The purpose of this study is to review all the relevant information available on EV architectures, battery energy sources, charging processes, and control approaches. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of current EV technology.

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<div>In recent years we have seen a dramatic shift toward the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in a variety of applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid storage. Even though more and more car companies are making electric models, people still worry about how far the batteries will go and how long it will take to charge them. It is common knowledge that the high currents that are necessary to quicken the charging process also lower the energy efficiency of the battery and cause it to lose capacity and power more quickly. We need an understanding of atoms and systems to better comprehend fast charging (FC) and enhance its effectiveness. These difficulties are discussed in detail in this work, which examines the literature on physical phenomena limiting battery charging speeds as well as the degradation mechanisms that typically occur while charging at high currents. Special consideration is given to charging at low temperatures. The consequences for safety are investigated, including the possible impact that rapid charging could have on the characteristics of thermal runaway (TR). In conclusion, knowledge gaps are analyzed, and recommendations are made as regards the path that subsequent studies should take. Furthermore, there is a need to give more attention to creating dependable onboard methods for detecting lithium plating (LP) and mechanical damage. It has been observed that robust charge optimization processes based on models are required to ensure faster charging in any environment. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries while these are being charged and heat them up when these are cold are important, and a lot of attention is paid to methods that can do both quickly and well.</div>