This is a second report of epidemiological and clinical investigation, related to the arsenic health problem, unique in the world, occurring in the city of Antofagasta, Chile. The arsenic problem originates in the chronic contamination of water supply in the city during 12 years. This phenomena, investigated clinically and epidemiologically and first reported in 1971, prompted the installation of a water treatment plant. This report aims to evaluate the working efficiency of the plant.The study was carried out through the examination of arsenic content in hair and nail clipping samples of the inhabitants of Antofagasta and the determination of this element in cultivated vegetables and carbonated beverages. Also a clinical study in school children, looking for cutaneous lesions attributed to arsenicism, was made. Results are encouraging. They reveal that contamination persists but in significantly lower levels.
In the early 1990s, most Latin American and Caribbean countries were beginning, or planning to begin, health sector reform processes. This paper presents the status and trends of health sector reform at the end of the 1990s. The authors relied on information in 20 health system and services profiles completed by the Pan American Health Organization between August 1998 and October 1999. The analysis, which follows a methodology that had been applied earlier, was organized on two different levels: (1) monitoring the reform processes (dynamics and content) and (2) evaluating their outcomes. In looking at the dynamics of the reform processes, the article examines the context in which they take place and the actors involved in their different phases: inception, design and negotiation, implementation, and evaluation. The description and analysis of the contents of health sector reform initiatives are organized into 12 broad thematic areas. Outcomes evaluation was only possible in the eight countries that provided enough pertinent information, and should be viewed as preliminary. Nevertheless, the article does present detailed information on the outcomes of health sector reform in terms of equity, effectiveness and quality, efficiency, sustainability, and societal participation and control. The article also discusses the potential causes and determining factors for the observed outcomes.
Modern object-oriented programming languages greatly alleviate the memory management for programmers. Despite the efficiency of garbage collection and Just-In-Time program analyzes, memory still remains prone to be wasted. A bloated memory may have severe consequences, including frequent execution lags due to a high pressure on the garbage collector and suboptimal object dependencies. We found that dynamically monitoring object production sites and the equivalence of the produced objects is key to identify wasted memory consumption caused by redundant objects. We implemented optimizations for reducing the memory consumption of six applications, achieving a reduction over 40% in half of the applications without having any prior knowledge of these applications. Our results partially replicate the results obtained by Marinov and O'Callahan and explore new ways to identify redundant objects.
RESUMENEn la I Cumbre de las Américas celebrada en Miami, Estados Unidos de América, en diciembre de 1994, los Gobiernos de la Región reafirmaron su compromiso de incorporar en sus procesos de reforma del sector de la salud mecanismos para garantizar el acceso equitativo a determinados servicios bá-sicos de salud y de mejorar la calidad de esos servicios. Al año siguiente, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), con la participación del Banco Mundial (BM), del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y de otras agencias internacionales, patrocinó una Reunión Especial sobre Reforma del Sector de la Salud donde se establecieron sus criterios rectores, basados en los principios de equidad, efectividad y calidad, eficiencia, sostenibilidad y participación social (1). Desde entonces, el mejoramiento de la calidad ha sido uno de los objetivos proclamados de las reformas del sector de la salud. CONCEPTOS BÁSICOSEn términos generales, la calidad puede definirse como el conjunto de características de un bien o servicio que logran satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas del usuario o cliente (2). Independientemente del enfoque que se adopte, el tema ha venido cobrando creciente importancia, no solo en el sector privado productivo, sino también en los sectores públicos sociales.En el ámbito de los sistemas y servicios de salud se suele aceptar que la calidad tiene dos grandes dimensiones que están relacionadas, aunque son diferentes: la calidad técnica, que desde la perspectiva de los prestadores busca garantizar la seguridad, efectividad y utilidad de las acciones en pro de la salud, así como la atención oportuna, eficaz y segura de los usuarios de los servicios; y la calidad percibida por los propios usuarios, que toma en cuenta las condiciones materiales, psicológi-cas, administrativas y éticas en que dichas acciones se desarrollan.Refiriéndose a la calidad técnica, Avedis Donabedian afirmó que consiste en la aplicación de la ciencia y la tecnología médicas de un modo que rinda los máximos beneficios para la salud, sin aumentar de forma proporcional los riesgos (3). La calidad es, por consiguiente, la medida en que se espera que la atención suministrada logre el equilibrio más favorable entre los riesgos y los beneficios. El modelo conceptual de Donabedian abarca tres aspectos del control de la calidad: estructura, proceso y resultados (4-5).Hasta hace poco, el énfasis se ponía principalmente en la estructura y en los aspectos de regulación, acreditación, certificación y licenciamiento. Sin embargo, en la actualidad los procesos suscitan mayor interés, sobre todo aquellos que se orientan a garantizar la seguridad de las intervenciones tanto médicas como quirúrgicas y a fomentar la evaluación de las tecnologías, el
Memory consumption is a great concern for most non trivial software. In this paper we introduce a dedicated code profiler that identifies opportunities to reduce memory consumption by introducing caches.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.