Human capital theory has suffered much criticism. The filter theory of education (Arrow 1973), the theory of education as a “signal” (Spence 1973), and the theory of “screening” (Stiglitz 1975), for instance, have seriously challenged it from within mainstream economics, and heavy criticism has also come from other paradigms, with Franck Bailly (2016) recently documenting the critique from the radical school. Within this set of ideas that flourished in the post-WW II period and challenged human capital theory, John Kenneth Galbraith’s analysis of the dynamics of the education process is often neglected. In his original institutionalist and firm-based approach to the evolution of education, Galbraith placed great emphasis on the issue of the requirements of the planning system when he tackled the issue of human capital investment. More surprisingly—since he is unanimously recognized as the “founding father” of the “human capital revolution”—Theodore Schultz himself developed a substantial critique of human capital theory that shares some ground with Galbraith’s. The aim of this contribution is to provide new insights into the history of post-WW II ideas in the field of economics of education by reviewing Schultz’s and Galbraith’s respective analyses of education and highlighting their proximities. Both authors raise doubts regarding the idea that the aggregation of individual choices must be regarded as the relevant generative mechanism of the dynamic of education and the basis of the allocation of education resources. Consequently, both question the equivocal concept of student sovereignty.
This article proposes a historical and analytical reconstruction of a debate that never happened between John Kenneth Galbraith and Abba Lerner over the issue of price controls. While they adopted a similar analysis of underemployment inflation, shared by many post Keynesians, Lerner and Galbraith remained fundamentally opposed as to the effectiveness of price controls. Indeed, while both agreed on the relevance of price controls in the specific context of World War II, they disagreed over including price controls within the conventional framework of economic policies, as illustrated by their respective stances in the debate surrounding the stagflation of the 1970s. Throughout the paper, we provide the rationales behind their divergence on price controls by investigating its theoretical, epistemological, and normative roots. Finally, we put into perspective the contemporary debates about price control in the context of resurgent inflationary pressures with some salient points drawn from our reconstruction of the debate that opposed these two pioneering post Keynesians economists.
L’article propose une confrontation des analyses de deux grands intellectuels du XX e siècle aux destinées croisées, Raymond Aron et John Kenneth Galbraith, eu égard au thème de la société industrielle. Le but de cette contribution est de montrer qu’en dépit de différences contextuelles, disciplinaires et méthodologiques, ces deux auteurs proposent une vision convergente de la société d’après-guerre. L’étude comparative permet alors non seulement de spécifier les traits caractéristiques de leurs pensées à propos d’une époque qui connaît des transformations radicales, mais également de saisir l’esprit intellectuel qui l’anime. Dans cette perspective, nous démontrons qu’il existe des liens électifs puissants entre les thèses dites de la révolution managériale, de la fin des idéologies, de l’institutionnalisation des conflits ainsi que les théories de la convergence. L’article se termine par une présentation de l’étude du pouvoir dans l’œuvre des deux auteurs, lequel apparaît comme un concept nécessaire pour quiconque entend mener une analyse critique et dynamique de la société industrielle.
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