This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. from various sources of poultry farms by using four different techniques (conventional biochemical tests, API 20E system, serology and polymerase chain reaction) the total number of isolates was 44(9%). The Salmonellae including 4 species, S. gallinarum 9(1.85%), S. typhimurium 7(1.44%), S. newport 21(4.3%) and S. ohio 1(0.21%). The highest isolation rate was in first week of chicks life 18(25.7%), however, the highest isolation rate of salmonella was from liver 13(28.8%). There are similarity in identification rate of Salmonella spp. between API 20 E system and PCR assay using flic gene. In this study using PCR amplification of rfbsg and rfbsp genes in differentiation of Salmonella serovar gallinarum into S. gallinarum and S. pullorum biovars very useful. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility revealed high resistance of isolates against seven antibiotics arranged in descending from high to low resistance (Azithromycin, Florfenicol, Trimethoprime-sulphamethaxezole, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin and Gentamycin).

The study was intended for identification and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis cases. A total of 143 milk samples were collected from apparently normal cows from Basrah province. California mastitis test was used to detect 81 (56.6%) samples as subclinical mastitis. However, by using bacteriological and biochemical tests 36(44.44%) isolates were confirmed as S. aureus. Antimicrobials susceptibility assays of isolates revealed that, all of them were completely susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamycin and vancomycin. Oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility illustrated that 22(61.1%) isolates were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) and 14 (38.9%) isolates were methicillin susceptible (MSSA). Phenotypic production of slime and biofilm were evaluated by using Congo red agar and microtiter plate techniques, 31 (86.1%) isolates were slime producer and 29 (80.6%) were biofilm producers from all tested isolates. The production of slime and biofilm of MRSA isolates were 95.5% and 90.9%, whereas, for MSSA were 71.4% and 64.3% respectively. The differences in slime and biofilm production among MRSA and MSSA isolates were statistically significant. All MRSA isolates were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, cefoxitin, ampicillin and cefotaxime, and these isolates showed low resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin each (9.1%) and doxycycline (18.2%). However, these isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, gentamycin, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol. All MSSA isolates

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This study was conducted to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) from bovine subclinical mastitis cases and study their effect on chemical composition of milk. A total of 152 milk samples were collected from apparently normal cows from Basrah province, subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 51.97% of tested samples by using California mastitis test (CMT). Staphylococcus aureus and CNS were isolated from 20.25% and 16.45% cases of tested SCM respectively. The affected samples with SCM have high concentrations of fat and protein, the difference from normal samples was statistically highly significant (P ˂0.001) for fat; lactose was lower in affected samples. The pH of affected samples was higher than that of normal, however, pH of samples containing S. aureus was the highest (7.8375) and the difference was statistically significant (P˂ 0.05). Antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed that all isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and vancomycin. However, the resistance to oxacillin and penicillin exhibited by CNS and S. aureus were 76.9%, 84.6%, 62.5% and 68.75% respectively. It have been concluded that, subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococci(in particular S. aureus) which carried resistance to antibioticsused in human medicine represents a big problem.However, the changes caused by S. aureus and other staphylococci in pH and chemical composition of mastitic milk may reduce the shelf life and processing of the products.