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Background: Upper facial third morphometrics are an important consideration in aesthetic facial surgery and facial gender-affirming surgery. Although there are generally accepted sexual dimorphic differences, an in-depth analysis of forehead morphometrics in attractive individuals is lacking. Methods: Thirty white female and 30 white male celebrities were included. Three full-face front-view photographs of each celebrity were evaluated by a facial analysis program, using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, midline and lateral forehead heights were calculated and compared between men and women. Results: Forehead height was similar between attractive men and women, but forehead width was shorter in women. Analysis of forehead height at various points along the hairline demonstrated that forehead measurements above the lateral brow and brow peak were significantly greater in men. Mean forehead height above the lateral eyebrow was 3.51 cm in women and 4.16 cm in men (P = 0.017). Forehead height above the eyebrow peak was 4.34 cm in women and 5.55 cm in men (P < 0.001). Medial forehead height was similar between men and women, indicating that the greatest difference in attractive male and female foreheads is in the lateral forehead and forehead width. Conclusions: Analysis of attractive white celebrities demonstrated no significant differences in central forehead heights between men and women. Forehead width and lateral forehead height were significantly smaller in women, with an overall downward slanting contour. Male hairlines were more horizontal and slanting upward laterally. These results have implications in facial rejuvenation and facial gender-affirming surgery.

Background Sexual dimorphism has been studied in faces of average populations and worldwide celebrities; however, a focused analysis of attractive Caucasian faces has not been conducted. Objective The study harnesses the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to efficiently analyze these facial patterns in attractive Caucasian male and female celebrities. Methods Twenty-one male and 21 female Caucasian celebrities were selected based on popular editorial rankings, modeling agencies, and casting directors from 2017 to 2022. Frontal photos of celebrities aged 23 to 42 without facial animation were selected. 100 facial landmarks were identified using a semi-automatic image analysis software consisting of modified Apple Vision (Cupertino, CA) machine learning algorithms with additional custom landmarks. Measurements were converted to absolute distances by fixing subjects’ white-to-white corneal diameters to the validated average in Caucasians. Results Attractive females had significantly greater upper and middle facial proportions, more uniformly divided facial thirds, and greater canthal tilt compared to males. Attractive males had significantly greater facial height, bizygomatic and bigonial widths, medial and total brow lengths, and alar width than females. The golden ratio (1.618) was observed in the ratio of facial height to bigonial width in females (1.613), and attractive males closely approximated that ratio (1.566). There were no significant differences in interpupillary distances, eyebrow angles, or horizontal palpebral fissure lengths. No faces in either sex exhibited scleral show. Conclusions The study is the first to utilize AI in quantifying key sexual dimorphisms among Caucasian celebrity faces. Identifying these contemporary patterns may provide valuable considerations in planning facial aesthetic and gender affirmation surgery.

Purpose: Deformations of the retina such as staphylomas in myopia or scleral flattening in high intracranial pressure can be challenging to quantify with en face imaging. We describe an optical coherence tomography-based method for the generation of quantitative posterior eye topography maps in normal and pathologic eyes.Methods: Using "whole eye" optical coherence tomography, we corrected for subjects' optical distortions to generate spatially accurate posterior eye optical coherence tomography volumes and created local curvature (K M , mm 21 ) topography maps for each consented subject. We imaged nine subjects, three normal, two with myopic degeneration, and four with papilledema including one that was imaged longitudinally.Results: Normal subjects mean temporal K M was 0.0923 mm 21 , nasal K M was 0.0927 mm 21 , and K M local variability was 0.0162 mm 21 . In myopic degeneration, subjects K M local variability was higher at 0.0836 mm 21 . In papilledema subjects nasal K M was flatter compared with temporal K M (0.0709 vs. 0.0885 mm 21 ). Mean intrasession K M repeatability for all subjects was 0.0036 mm 21 . Conclusion:We have developed an optical coherence tomography based method for quantitative posterior eye topography that offers the ability to analyze local curvature with micron scale resolution and offers the potential to help clinicians and researchers characterize subtle, local retinal deformations earlier in patients and follow their development over time.