The modern level of knowledge development in the field of fundamental sciences makes it possible to reliably investigate the processes of evolution. The purpose of our research was to determine the need to establish the existing evolutionary transformations in resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors of the biosphere in a grape plant, which may be natural for all horticulture crops, and on the other hand, based on the postulate of natural and experimental evolution, to prove the processes of natural evolution as a result of experimental breeding. The results obtained in the study of particular issues of genetics of grapes, based on the existence of general biological regularities, can be prolonged for interpretation, with reference to other horticulture crops. We studied the genetics of grapes, in particular crossability, the inheritance of signs and characteristics, the establishment of regularities in the display of selection value, and heterosis, allowing us to formulate the principles of modeling a new variety. Investigating the process of creating grape varieties that are resistant to biotic factor, it was suggested to consider it from the point of view of the coevolution of the plant and pathogen.
Знание фенологических особенностей сортов винограда важно для формирования промышленного конвейера столовых сортов винограда и в селекционной работе при создании сортов с заданным хозяйственными характеристиками. В результате анализа дат наступления основных фенологических фаз столовых сортов винограда V. v. orientalis Negr. в условиях ампелографической коллекции установлено, что согласно международному классификатору OIV по продолжительности продукционного периода изученные сорта разделяются на пять групп: сорта раннего, раннесреднего, среднего, среднепозднего и позднего сроков созревания. Продолжительность продукционного периода у столовых сортов V. v. orientalis Negr. раннего срока созревания составляет 115±4,4 - 121±1,6 дней, раннесреднего срока созревания 129 - 135±2,4 дней, среднего срока созревания 141±1,3 - 145±0,9 дней, сортов среднепозднего срока созревания 146 - 155±0,7 дней, сортов позднего срока созревания 156±0,5 - 165±2,0 дней.Understanding of the phenological peculiarities of grapevine cultivars is important for the formation of an industrial conveyor of table grapes and in breeding work when creating cultivars with pre-determined economic characteristics. Analysis of the onset dates of main phenological phases of table grapevine cultivars V. v. orientalis Negr. in the conditions of ampelographic collection revealed that, according to the OIV international classifier, the studied cultivars can be divided into five groups based on the length of production period: early, early-medium, medium, medium-late and late ripening. The length of production period of table cultivars V. v. orientalis Negr. of early ripening period is 115 ± 4.4 - 121 ± 1.6 days, that of early-medium ripening period is 129 - 135 ± 2.4 days, of medium ripening period is 141 ± 1.3 - 145 ± 0.9 days, for varieties of medium-late ripening period it is 146 - 155 ± 0.7 days, late ripening cultivars - 156 ± 0.5 - 165 ± 2.0 days.
Для каждого региона виноградарства характерен свой уникальный местный сортимент, который формировался на протяжении длительного времени в определённых условиях, и обладает рядом ценных характеристик и признаков. Крымский полуостров - регион с разнообразными почвенными и климатическими условиями, является родиной более 70 сортов винограда. В статье приведены результаты исследования реакции местных сортов винограда Крыма, произрастающих в ампелографической коллекции Института «Магарач», на сложные засушливые условия лета 2019 года. Результаты исследований послужат для исследований генома винограда с целью поиска генов, отвечающих за признак засухоустойчивости и наиболее продуктивного использования генофонда винограда ФГБУН «ВННИИВиВ «Магарач» в селекции новых генотипов, максимально адаптированных к стресс-факторам биосферы.Each grape-growing region has its own unique assortment of grapes which has been formed over a large period of time under definite conditions, and, as a result, possesses a number of valuable characteristics. The Crimean Peninsula, with its diversity of soils and climates, is the birthplace of more than 70 varieties of grapevine. The paper reports responses of local Crimea grape varieties growing in the collection of the Institute Magarach to difficult arid conditions of the summer of 2019. The data obtained will be used for studies on grape genome in search of genes responsible for drought resistance. It will also contribute to an efficient use of grapevine genetic resources maintained in the Institute’s collection for breeding new genotypes best adapted to biotic stressors.
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