The thermal conductivity of an iron-based magnetorheological suspension is experimentally investigated for varying particle volume fractions and magnetic-field strengths. Under a magnetic field, the thermal-conductivity component in the field direction increases significantly (by 100% in one case), while the two components perpendicular to the field direction remain virtually unchanged. We propose and test two models for the thermal conductivity in the limiting case when the suspension’s internal structure is saturated by the imposed magnetic field. A two-level homogenization model that first uses the Bruggeman method to calculate the effective conductivity of particle chains, and then an effective-medium theory model to determine the overall conductivity of the suspension, is found to fit accurately the components of the thermal-conductivity tensor. Utilizing this modeling procedure, we determine the effective conductivity of the field-induced, iron-particle chains to be 0.966 W/mK at saturation. This conductivity is equivalent to a particle volume fraction within the chains of φint=0.495, which is smaller than the φint=0.698 predicted for an ideal body-centered-tetragonal arrangement of particles. This suggests that the microstructure in this case differs from perfectly aligned crystals, having either lattice defects or otherwise waviness in the particle chains.
The influence of particle anisotropy on the effective thermal conductivity of a suspension is experimentally investigated. Suspensions of micron-sized, silicon-carbide particles with varying aspect-ratio distributions were prepared and measured. It is shown that the conductivity of the silicon-carbide suspensions can be quantitatively predicted by the effective medium theory of Nan et al. (1997, “Effective Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites With Interfacial Thermal Resistance,” J. Appl. Phys. 81(10), pp. 6692–6699), provided the volume-weighted aspect ratio of the particles is used. Recent experimental data on multiwalled-nanotube-in-oil suspensions by Yang et al. (2006, “Thermal and Rheological Properties of Carbon Nanotube-in-Oil Dispersions,” J. Appl. Phys., 99(11), 114307) are also analyzed and shown to be in at least qualitative agreement with the effective-medium-theory prediction that the thermal conductivity of suspensions is enhanced by large aspect-ratio particles.
The effective thermal conductivities of aqueous nanofluids containing surfactant-stabilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were measured and compared with the predictions of effective medium theory (Nan, C.-W., et al., 1997, “Effective Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites With Interfacial Thermal Resistance,” J. Appl. Phys., 81(10), pp. 6692–6699). Detailed characterization of nanotube morphology was carried out through electron microscopy, while the nanotube agglomeration state was monitored through optical microscopy and absorption measurements. An optimum surfactant-to-nanotube mass ratio was found for the particular surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, which resulted in the greatest increase in thermal conductivity. Taking into consideration the volume-weighted aspect ratio of the nanotubes, the measured thermal conductivities of the suspensions were shown to be in good agreement with calculations for a reasonable choice of interfacial resistance on the particle/liquid interface. The effect of particle aspect ratio on the suspension’s thermal conductivity was further demonstrated and compared with theory by reducing the nanotube length through intense ultrasonication. The effect of particle aggregation on the thermal conductivity was also investigated by destabilizing previously stable suspensions with ethanol addition, which causes surfactant desorption and bundling of nanotubes. The measured thermal conductivities were correlated with absorption measurements and microscopic visualizations to show that particle aggregation decreases the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid by reducing the effective particle aspect ratio.
This paper presents the results of a pilot eye tracking study involving reading and sight translation. Seventeen participants with one year of sight translation training were asked to read and sight translate two texts from B language (English) into A language (Russian). The texts included such independent variables as abbreviations, position titles, references to historic and cultural events and phenomena as well as direct speech, epithets, metaphors. The dependent variables included measures assumed to indicate cognitive load of lexical units, such as fixation count and saccade count. The application of the eye tracking method to the research of the translation process may be helpful in understanding the difficulties of sight translation as a particular form of transposing the message from one language into another and help to make appropriate pedagogical conclusions.
Аннотация: Рассмотрены особенности технологического процесса получе-ния металлических связок системы «медь -железо -олово» методом порошковой металлургии. Проведен анализ влияния состава шихты на структуру получаемых при жидкофазном спекании связок. Определены процентные соотношения и размеры пор в зависимости от состава связок.Связка обрабатывающего инструмента -важнейший компонент рабочего слоя, удерживающий в инструменте абразивные зерна. Вид связки в значительной мере предопределяет его работоспособность. При изготовлении связки методом порошковой металлургии необходимо учитывать также особенности получения и смешивания порошкообразных материалов связок [1].Круги на металлической связке применяются только для инструмента, в ко-тором абразивом служит алмаз (природный или синтетический), в следующих случаях: если необходимо обеспечить малый удельный расход алмаза, сохранить форму профиля инструмента, снять большой припуск. Необходимо учитывать гранулометрический состав смешиваемых порошков и их соотношение при полу-чении необходимых свойств абразивного инструмента [2]. На таких связках изго-товляют рабочие элементы алмазных штрипсовых пил, отрезных и шлифовальных кругов, фрез. Металлическая связка прочно удерживает алмазные зерна, поэтому обеспечивает меньший расход алмазов [3], однако силы и температура резания увеличиваются. Наблюдается склонность к засаливанию и адгезии, что ухудшает чистоту обработанной поверхности.Пористые связки имеют объемную пористость, необходимую для проникно-вения охлаждающей жидкости в зону резания и удаления продуктов отработки. Данные связки обладают также высоким уровнем алмазоудержания, что предо-храняет алмазные зерна от вдавливания в них и преждевременного выпадения. Стойкость брусков на пористых связках по сравнению с брусками на металличе-ских связках выше в 34 раза [4]. Удельная производительность хонингования при обработке серых и закаленных чугунов крупнозернистыми брусками повышается более чем в 2,5 раза. Процесс резания крупнозернистыми брусками имеет незату-хающий характер и позволяет спускать припуск на хонингование до 1 мм [4].
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