Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus atau bakteri yang biasanya menular sehingga dapat menimbulkan berbagai spektrum penyakit yang berkisar dari penyakit tanpa gejala sampai kepada penyakit yang parah dan mematikan, tergantung kepada patogen penyebabnya, faktor lingkungan, dan faktor pejamu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memberikan informasi mengenai faktor-faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada balita berdasarkan kajian literatur review. Metode penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan menggunakan database sinta sebagai bahan acuan. Pengkategorian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti yaitu terindeks pada sinta 2-5, publikasi 10 tahun terakhir, dan mempunyai variabel yang berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada balita. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu ditemukan bahwa terdapat faktor lingkungan yang dominan seperti: suhu, kelembaban, pencahayaan, ventilasi, dan kepadatan hunian merupakan faktor risiko yang menjadi penyebab kejadian ISPA pada balita. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat faktor lingkungan, pendidikan ibu, kebiasaan merokok yang menjadi faktor risiko terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita yang harus diperbaiki.

Introduction: The Padang City Health Office reported 9,452 diarrhea cases in 2019, 2,248 in toddlers. The Pauh District reported 413 diarrhea cases, 110 of which occurred in toddlers. Spatial analysis was used to assess environmental sanitation as determinant of toddlers’ diarrhea incidence in Pauh District, Padang City. Methods: This observational study used a cross-sectional approach. The population was 4,653 toddlers, and the sample was 100 toddlers. The independent variables in this study include environmental sanitation factors such as the quality of clean water (presence of Escherichia coli), the condition and quality of the waste container, the quality and condition of sewerage, and the density of flies in the trash and household sewerage. The spatial analysis used was Moran Index I to examine the distribution pattern of variables. Results and Discussion: The incidence of diarrhea in toddlers, unstandardized household waste containers, unqualified waste sewerage, high fly density in household trash bins, and high fly density in sewerage was randomly distributed with a Moran index consecutively -0.130524; 0.315524; 0.153129; -0.174424; -0.025798. Then, clean water quality, waste management, and sewerage conditions that did not meet the requirements were randomly distributed with a Moran index of -0.158512; -0.160688; -0.117502. Conclusion: The spatial pattern of environmental sanitation factors as determinants of the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was randomly distributed, and there was no autocorrelation found among the villages in Pauh District.

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Air Pollution and environmental factors are closely related to the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). House construction and the environment that do not meet health requirements and environmental pollution such as smoke from industry, transportation facilities, and indoor air pollution are risk factors for the source of ARI. This study aims to find out the association between environmental risk factors and the Incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of Lubuk Kilangan Public Health Centre. This study used a descriptive-analytical research design with a crosssectional approach, using a random sampling technique, a sample of 96 toddlers was obtained. Data analysis in this study used Chi-Square and t-Independent tests, PM10 concentrations (p=0,009) ventilation area (p=0.000), occupancy density (p=0.029), humidity (0.000), and lighting (p=0.000). Meanwhile, for SO2 concentration in this study, there was no relationship with the incidence of ARI in toddlers (p = 0.302). Based on the results obtained It is hoped that sanitarian staff and related institutions will further increase public knowledge, especially about home sanitation, healthy lifestyles, and the impact of exposure to pollutant concentrations from industry, so that they can control risk factors that can cause ARI.