Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer with aggressive behavior. Tumor stage and grade are important parameter in diagnosis. Data about the clinical and pathology profile of ccRCC in Indonesia is limited, therefore further information is needed. The study aimed to determine clinicopathologic profile of ccRCC in Soetomo Academic General Hospital (SAGH). This descriptive study was conducted retrospectively with cross-sectional approach. Clinical and histopathological archives of ccRCC specimen were retrieved during January 2016 to December 2020. The total number of ccRCC cases obtained was 38 cases, the most cases (11) occurred in 2016. The average of patient’s age was 55.64 years. Patients were predominantly male (71.1%), with a ratio to female 2.5:1. The tumors mostly filled the entire kidney, in 15 (39.5%) cases. Most pT stage distribution was pT2, in 15 (39.5%) cases. Most N stage distribution was N0, in 23 (60.5%) cases. Only 5 (13.2%) cases showed multiple pulmonary nodules which suspected to be metastatic (M1). The most common tumors grade was G4, in 17 (44.7%) cases. In conclusion, ccRCC patient were predominantly male, tumors mostly high grade, filled entire kidney, not penetrated renal capsule, and not metastasize to regional lymph nodes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major causes of death in the world. There are two types of DM—type 1 DM and type 2 DM. Type 1 DM can only be treated by insulin injection whereas type 2 DM is commonly treated using anti-hyperglycemic agents. Despite its effectiveness in controlling blood glucose level, this therapeutic approach is not able to reduce the decline in the number of functional pancreatic β cells. MST1 is a strong pro-apoptotic kinase that is expressed in pancreatic β cells. It induces β cell death and impairs insulin secretion. Recently, a potent and specific inhibitor for MST1, called XMU-MP-1, was identified and characterized. We hypothesized that treatment with XMU-MP-1 would produce beneficial effects by improving the survival and function of the pancreatic β cells. We used INS-1 cells and STZ-induced diabetic mice as in vitro and in vivo models to test the effect of XMU-MP-1 treatment. We found that XMU-MP-1 inhibited MST1/2 activity in INS-1 cells. Moreover, treatment with XMU-MP-1 produced a beneficial effect in improving glucose tolerance in the STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. Histological analysis indicated that XMU-MP-1 increased the number of pancreatic β cells and enhanced Langerhans islet area in the severe diabetic mice. Overall, this study showed that MST1 could become a promising therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus.

Objective: The objective of this study was to discover the possible correlation between p16INK4A expression and the LR/HR-HPV infection in condyloma acuminate (CA) lesions. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted during January-December 2017 on 33 CA patients. The expression of p16 INK4A was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The positive interpretation was carried out by scoring which score 0 was negative, score 1 was sporadic, score 2 was focal, and score 3 was diffuses. The HPV genotypes were identified by reverse line blot, and 40 genotypes of HPV detected, including HR-HPV (HPVs 16, 18, 26, 31, 33,35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68a, 68b, 69, 73, and 82) and LR-HPV (HPVs 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, and 90). Results: The expression of p16 INK4A was significantly correlated with HR-HPV infection. Patients infected with HR-HPV had 0.644 times higher possibility to express p16 INK4A gene compared to those infected with LR-HPV. LR-HPV genotypes detected in CA patients were HPVs 6, 11, 42, 61, 54, 81, 87, 89, and 90 and HR-HPV genotypes were HPVs 18, 26, 45, 51, 52, 67, 68B, 69, and 82. LR-HPV was found in 19/33 of patients and HR-HPV was in 14/33 of patients. The expression of p16 INK4A in CA lesions was diffuse in15.2% of patients, was focal in 24.2% of patients , was sporadic in 39.4% of patients were, and was negative in 21.2% of patients . In LR-HPV group, there was no diffuse expression, focal expression was observed in 15.8%, sporadic in 47.4%, and negative in 36.8%, while in HR-HPV group, p16 INK4A expression was detected in all lesions , in a way that its expression was diffuse in 35.7%, focal in 35.7%, and sporadic in 28.6%. Conclusion: IHC is a routine method in histopathological diagnosis, therefore the detection of p16 INK4A expression by IHC can be used as a biomarker for HR-HPV infection diagnosis.

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