Sulawesi tsunami has been a puzzle because extreme deadly tsunami waves were generated following an Mw 7.5 strike-slip earthquake, while such earthquakes are not usually considered to produce large tsunamis. Here, we obtained, processed and analyzed two sea level records of the tsunami in the near-field (Pantoloan located inside the Palu Bay) and far-field (Mamuju located outside the Palu Bay) and conducted numerical simulations to shed light on the tsunami source. The two tide gauges recorded maximum tsunami trough-to-crest heights of 380 and 24 cm, respectively, with respective dominating wave periods of 3.6-4.4 and 10 min, and respective high-energy wave duration of 5.5 and [14 h. The two observed waveforms were significantly different with wave amplitude and period ratios of *16 and *3, respectively. We infer tsunamigenic source dimensions of 3.4-4.1 km and 32.5 km, for inside and outside of the Palu Bay, respectively. Our numerical simulations fairly well reproduced both tsunami observations in Pantoloan and Mamuju; except for the arrival time in Mamuju. However, it was incapable of reproducing the maximum reported coastal amplitudes of 6-11 m. It is possible that these two sources are different parts of the same tectonic source. A bay oscillation mode of *85 min was revealed for the Palu Bay through numerical modeling. Actual sea surface disturbances and landslide-generated waves were captured by two video recordings from inside the Palu Bay shortly after the earthquake. It is possible that a large submarine landslide contributed to and intensified the Sulawesi tsunami. We identify the southern part of the Palu Bay, around the latitude of-0.82 o S, as the most likely location of a potential landslide based on our backward tsunami ray tracing analysis. However, marine geological data from the Palu Bay are required to confirm such hypothesis.

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We present analysis of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami in Sunda Strait, Indonesia, from a combination of post-tsunami field surveys, bathymetric changes and spectral analysis of the tsunami tide gauge records. Post-tsunami surveys revealed moderate tsunami height along the coast of Sumatra and Java with maximum surveyed runup of 13.5 m and maximum inundation distance of 330 m. At small islands located close to the volcano, extreme tsunami impacts were observed indicating not only a huge tsunami was generated by large amounts of collapse material which caused notable changes of seafloor bathymetry, but also indicates the role of those small islands in reducing tsunami height that propagated to the mainland of Indonesia. Our spectral analysis of tide gauge records showed that the tsunami's dominant period was 6.6-7.4 min, indicating the short-period nature of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.

Geoid merupakan referensi tinggi di Indonesia sesuai amanat Peraturan Kepala BIG (Perka BIG) nomor 15 Tahun 2013 tentang Sistem Referensi Geospasial Indonesia (SRGI). Melalui website http://srgi.big.go.id/srgi2, BIG secara bertahap memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat terkait dengan sistem referensi geospasial termasuk di dalamnya informasi model geoid Indonesia. Model geoid Indonesia yang dihasilkan pada tahun 2013 merupakan model geoid Indonesia yang diolah berbasis pulau. pada tahun 2018, dilakukan updating model geoid Indonesia. Tujuannya untuk menghasilkan model geoid Indonesia secara keseluruhan atau terintegrasi di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah; Data spherical harmonic beberapa model geoid global sebagai data gelombang panjang, data gelombang menengah menggunakan Data DTU-10, data gayaberat airborne wilayah Pulau Sulawesi, Kalimantan dan Papua. Sedangkan data gelombang pendek menggunakan Data SRTM-15 meter. Metode yang digunakan dalam pemodelan geoid adalah metode Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Data-data tersebut diolah dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak gravsoft yang telah dimodifikasi di sesuaikan dengan kebutuhan Indonesia. Validasi model geoid dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai geoid gravimetrik hasil pengolahan model geoid dari data gayaberat, dengan nilai geoid geometrik dari pengukuran GNSS di pilar Tanda Tinggi Geodesi (TTG). Dari pengolahan data, menghasilkan model geoid dari beberapa data komponen gelombang panjang yang berbeda. Model geoid dengan standar deviasi terkecil adalah model geoid yang diperoleh dari kombinasi komponen gelombang panjang EGM2008 - derajat 2190 dengan nilai standar deviasi 0.2283. Metode pemodelan geoid secara menyeluruh di seluruh wilayah Indonesia lebih relevan dilakukan di negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia, dikarenakan lebih memudahkan unifikasi model geoid antara darat dan laut.