Abstract. In this research, it has been made Cu/Ni thin film produced with electroplating technique. The deposition process was done in the plating bath using Cu and Ni as cathode and anode respectively. The electrolyte solution was made from the mixture of HBrO3 (7.5g), NiSO4 (100g), NiCl2 (15g), and aquadest (250 ml). Electrolyte temperature was varied from 40C up to 80C, to make the Ni ions in the solution easy to move to Cu cathode. The deposition was done during 2 minutes on the potential of 1.5 volt. Many characterizations were done including the thickness of Ni film, microstructure, and sheet resistivity. The results showed that at all samples Ni had attacked on the Cu substrate to form Cu/Ni. The raising of electrolyte temperature affected the increasing of Ni thickness that is the Ni thickness increase with the increasing electrolyte temperature. From the EDS spectrum, it can be informed that samples already contain Ni and Cu elements and NiO and CuO compounds. Addition element and compound are found for sample Cu/Ni resulted from 70 electrolyte temperature of Ni deposition, that are Pt and PtO2. From XRD pattern, there are several phases which have crystal structure i.e. Cu, Ni, and NiO, while CuO and PtO2 have amorphous structure. The sheet resistivity linearly decreases with the increasing electrolyte temperature. IntroductionIn the husbandry industry, the existence of low-temperature thermometers is needed especially on the breeding using artificial insemination (IB). For the purposes of IB to obtain the qualified cow sperm the government is still importing. During delivery and storage, the sperm is placed in a special flask containing liquid nitrogen with the temperature of -198C. As a part of the design of flask, there is a hole for liquid nitrogen to evaporate out to avoid the explosion. The problem is if the evaporation occurs continuously then the nitrogen content in the flask becomes less and the temperature increase. If the temperature inside the flask reaches the critical temperature i.e. -100C then the cow sperm will die. Therefore, a low-temperature thermometer attached to the flask is needed.Making low-temperature thermometers is not easy because it may make the equipment does not work as which should be such as freezing in the sensor so the sensor can not flow the current normally, freezing on conductor so that it can not function as a good conductor, the presence of mechanical stress, and others. These make a measurement on low-temperature need a long time compared to the measurement of medium in the room temperature [1,2]. The RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) sensor is a sensor used to measure temperature by correlating RTD element resistance with temperature [3,4,5]. RTD elements that can be used are Platinum [6,7], Nickel [8],
Cu/Ni thin film has been made by electroplating method assisted by magnetic fields. The solution consists of a mixture of NiSO 4 (260 g/L), NiCl 2 (60 g/L) and H 3 BO 3 (40g/L). The magnetic field varied in the range of 0-200 gauss in a direction perpendicular to the electric field. Plating was carried out at a voltage of 1.5 volts, the electrolyte temperature is 60 C during 5 s. The results indicate that the Ni film has been formed on the surface of the Cu plate. Testing of sheet resistivity shows that by coating Ni on Cu substrate the resistivity sheet of Cu/Ni increases. The increase in resistivity is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field. Investigation on the Ni morphology shows that the larger the magnetic field the smaller the grain size so that the composition of Ni particles becomes more tightly packed. Whereas, in sensor sensitivity, all samples showed their role as low-temperature sensors. The sensitivity decreases along with the magnitude of the magnetic field given.
Indonesia is an area where three large tectonic plates meet, namely the Indo-Australian, Eurasian and Pacific plates, so that Indonesia is included in the earthquake-prone category, with 11,660 earthquake vibrations identified in the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) database in 2019 The purpose of this study is to develop a classification of the distribution of earthquakes in Indonesia in 2019 based on the values of magnitude, depth, and position. This research was conducted by using the clustering method based on the K-means algorithm and the DBSCAN algorithm as a comparison. The results of the clustering show that the earthquake data analysis using the K-Means algorithm is superior with a silhouette index value of 0.837, while the DBSCAN algorithm has a silhouette index value of 0.730.
Synthesis of Cu/Ni thin films has been carried out by electroplating method assisted by magnetic fields at variations in the temperature of the solution. The use of magnetic fields in the deposition process is to accelerate mass transport, reduce the reaction effect of hydrogen evolution, improve surface morphology. An increase in the temperature of the solution can accelerate the rate of Ni ions from the anode to the cathode. The electroplating process is carried out at a DC voltage of 1.5 volts, a magnetic field of 200 gauss that is perpendicular to the electric field, within 5 seconds, and the electrode distance is 4 cm. The solution temperature varied from 40°C – 80°C at intervals of 10 °C. Characterization is done by testing the thickness and resistivity of the Ni layer. Thickness test is done with the help of calculations from the results of weighing Ni. The test of sheet resistivity is done by means of a 4 point probe. The results showed that the greater the temperature of the solution the thicker the Ni layer. The thickness of the Ni layer ranges from (0.09 ± 0.001) μm to (0.38 ± 0.006) μm which is the opposite to the resistivity of the chip, namely the higher the temperature of the solution the smaller the sheet resistivity. The size of the sheet resistivity is from (1.31 ± 0.02) Ω/sq. To (1.38 ± 0.06) Ω/sq to identify relevant articles in literature searches, great care should be taken in constructing both.
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